Both tumors colonizing bacteria and gut microbiota shape the response to cancer immunotherapy. The crosstalk between bacterial and tumor antigens may explain how the composition of the microbiota influences cancer immunosurveillance. Strategies for modulating bacterial abundance and diversity have been demonstrated to be promising in regulating tumor development. Nutritional factors including nutrients (e.g., phytochemicals) and diet have shown efficacy in modulating lung cancer, colorectal cancer, etc., with the potential underlying mechanism being the restoration of dysbiosis of tumor bacteria and/or gut microbiome. Therefore, it is worthwhile to identify the interaction and mechanism between nutritional factors and microbiome in cancer development.

Nutritional factors including low-fiber diets, omega-3 fatty acids, and glutamine have been demonstrated to have the ability in regulating the cancer-associated immune response. Nutritional factors can attenuate intestinal dysbiosis in inflammation and cancer, thereby approving the long-term outcome of cancer. Importantly, in cancers, the close relevance of microbiota signatures and nutritional factors in shaping the efficacy and toxicity of immunotherapy is emerging.

The aim of this Research Topic is to provide a comprehensive overview of the impact of nutritional factors and gut and intracellular bacteria on the immunotherapy response to cancers. We welcome Reviews, Mini-Review, and Original Research articles focusing on, but not limited to, the following subtopics:

• Nutritional factors, immunosuppression and cancer development;

• Nutritional factors and bacteria in immunotherapy for cancer;

• Phytochemicals and gut bacteria in cancer as well as phytochemicals regulate bacteria in cancer;

• Nutritional factors and bacteria in tumor microenvironment;

• Phytochemicals and antibacterial immune responses in cancer;

• Nutritional factors and microbiota in cancer immunosurveillance.

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