Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) presents significant challenges in treatment and outcome evaluation across varying socio-economic settings. Therapeutic hypothermia is currently the principal evidence-based intervention, but its effectiveness is inconsistent, particularly highlighted in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Studies suggest that as many as seven infants might need to receive treatment to benefit one, coupled with findings of no therapeutic effect in some scenarios. This variability in outcomes lays the foundation for deeper investigation into the efficacy of existing treatments and the exploration of additional neuroprotective strategies beyond hypothermia.

This Research Topic aims to enhance the understanding and effectiveness of treatment modalities for neonatal HIE by identifying and characterizing non-responders early in the treatment process, using validated diagnostic tools, and improving upon the assessment methods for neurodevelopmental outcomes post-intervention. Additionally, due to HIE's complex pathophysiology including potential roles of inflammation and infection, there is a critical need to explore alternative neuroprotective agents that could supplement or enhance the current standard of care.

To gather further insights in the complex landscape of neonatal HIE management, we welcome articles addressing, but not limited to, the following themes:

• Diagnostic advances and challenges of HIE
• Evidence for neuroprotective agents for HIE – animal and human
• Evidence for different methods of therapeutic hypothermia for HIE
• Outcomes and challenges of neuroprotective interventions in LMICs, for HIE
• Predicting outcomes before, during, and after neuroprotective treatment for HIE
• Outcome assessment methods after HIE, and prognostic relevance
• The role of biomarkers and genomics in HIE.

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Frontiers in Pediatrics

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