Leprosy, an ancient disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, continues to pose significant public health challenges, particularly in developing countries. The diagnosis of leprosy is notoriously complex, relying heavily on dermatoneurological signs and symptoms, as well as histopathological or microbiological visualization. This often results in delayed diagnosis, which can lead to irreversible nerve damage, disabilities, and deformities. Despite advances in medical science, there is still no consensus on more sensitive laboratory tests that are widely accepted for early detection of leprosy. This gap underscores the urgent need for improved diagnostic tools and strategies to enhance early case detection, block transmission, and prevent the severe consequences of the disease. Recent studies have highlighted the potential of new diagnostic technologies to address these gaps, offering tools with greater sensitivity and accuracy while maintaining satisfactory specificity. However, traditional diagnostic methods, such as those based on acid-fast bacilli, remain limited by their dependence on the technician's skills and inherent sensitivity constraints.

This research topic aims to create a comprehensive, open-access resource that compiles evidence and experiences related to leprosy diagnosis and Mycobacterium leprae identification. The focus is on exploring epidemiological aspects and diagnostic tools that could significantly impact the global prevalence of leprosy. By addressing these areas, the research seeks to answer critical questions about the effectiveness of current diagnostic methods and explore innovative approaches that could enhance early detection and intervention. The goal is to foster a deeper understanding of the disease and contribute to the development of more effective diagnostic strategies.

To gather further insights into the complexities of leprosy diagnosis and Mycobacterium leprae detection, we welcome articles addressing, but not limited to, the following themes:
- Methods to increase case finding
- Surveillance strategies
- M. leprae microscopy detection
- Antibody titration
- Rapid tests
- In-vitro antigen stimulation
- Immune cell tests
- Cytokine release
- M. leprae identification by PCR
- Biomarkers based on DNA/RNA
- Serological biomarkers
- Immunopathogenesis

This research topic seeks to bridge the existing gaps in leprosy diagnosis by encouraging submissions that explore innovative diagnostic tools and strategies, ultimately aiming to reduce the global burden of this ancient disease.

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Frontiers in Tropical Diseases

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