Given the success of the previous volume of this Research Topic: Rare and Misdiagnosed Neurosurgical Conditions, and the latest advances in the field, we are delighted to launch a second volume of this topic.

Neurosurgical diseases, affecting the brain, spinal cord, or peripheral nerves, are highly heterogeneous and complicated. Glioma, stroke, traumatic brain injury are common disorders with by-no-means negligible disability and mortality. While we focus most of our efforts on these devastating disorders, we should also promote research dedicated to improving treatments for numerous rare conditions, which are defined as diseases affecting fewer than 0.1% of the general population. Rare neurosurgical conditions may be inherited, post-infectious, iatrogenic, or of unknown etiology, which pose great diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Symptoms range from mild pain to significant motor and cognitive impairments; without appropriate treatment, patients will be exposed to unbearable risks and may be burdened unnecessarily. Due to the rarity of these clinical entities and lack of evidence-based guidelines, the optimal therapeutic modality and perioperative management strategy remain unclear. In the era of precision neurosurgery, interdisciplinary cooperation and individualized treatment are highlighted, which provide new insight into the diagnosis and management of rare neurosurgical conditions.

The vision of this research topic is a paradigm standardization in research and treatment of rare neurosurgical disorders. The purpose of this collection is to compile high-quality research articles and reviews focusing on the diagnosis, classification, surgical and adjuvant treatments, and prognosis of rare and misdiagnosed neurosurgical conditions. Moreover, experimental researches concerning the pathogenesis of rare entities and development of innovative treatment options are also welcome.

The scope of this specific collection covers original research articles, technical notes, narrative reviews, meta-analyses, and case reports covering the following topics, but not limited to:

- Epidemiological characteristics of rare neurosurgical conditions

- Clinical and radiological features, classifications, and diagnostic considerations.

- Surgical strategies, adjuvant treatments, and outcomes.

- Novel diagnostic or predictive biomarkers and therapeutic targets through biological insights and new experimental techniques.

- Novel surgical techniques in the new era of intelligent medicine and precision medicine.

- Rare complications, potential pathogenic mechanisms, and surgical solutions.

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Frontiers in Surgery

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