Groundwater serves as a primary source for domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes in India, catering to the demands of both the rural and urban communities. However, the proliferation of industrial activities, improper disposal of industrial waste, and the extensive use of agrochemicals have contributed to the contamination of groundwater. This exposure to toxic contaminants, including heavy metals, pesticides, and organic pollutants, poses a grave health threat to millions of people in the population.

Effectively addressing the groundwater contamination issue necessitates a thorough understanding of the nature and extent of the toxic contaminants. Heavy metals such as arsenic, lead and cadmium need to be identified in concentrations surpassing permissible limits in several regions, highlighting the urgent need for intervention. Moreover, pesticide residues and organic pollutants further contribute to the complexity of the groundwater contamination scenario in India.

An essential facet of tackling groundwater contamination involves assessing the associated health risks. The exposure to toxic contaminants in groundwater has linked with several health issues, such as gastrointestinal, respiratory, and chronic disorders such as cancer. Certain demographics, which include children and pregnant women, are particularly vulnerable. A health risk appraisal is critical for evaluating the probability and severity of adverse health effects based on exposure levels, providing a foundation for targeted interventions.

To combat the pervasive issue of groundwater contamination in India, a multifaceted approach incorporating various mitigation strategies is imperative. Government initiatives, such as the National Water Quality Sub-Mission under the National Rural Drinking Water Program, aim to provide safe drinking water to rural communities. In essence, the focus is to ensure tap water supply to every household, emphasizing the use of treated surface water to reduce the dependence on contaminated groundwater, mainly for drinking purposes.

However, addressing groundwater contamination requires a comprehensive strategy that extends beyond water supply programs. Implementing effective wastewater management practices, promoting sustainable agricultural practices to reduce chemical inputs, and enhancing public awareness are integral components of a holistic mitigation approach. Community involvement, supported by collaborative efforts between government agencies, research institutions, and non-governmental organizations, is essential for the successful implementation of mitigation strategies.

In conclusion, the Indian scenario regarding exposure, characterization, health risk appraisal, and mitigation strategies for toxic contaminants in groundwater is a multifaceted challenge that demands urgent and concerted efforts. This Research Topic aims to address (but is not strictly limited to):

- Geogenic Occurrence, release mechanism and groundwater quality modelling
- Exposure
- Fate, toxicity, and potential health risk assessment
- Strategies for remediation and mitigation
- Implementing comprehensive and sustainable solutions
- Encompassing water supply initiatives
- Sustainable practices and community participation

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Frontiers in Water

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