Precision medicine, or personalized medicine, is related to treatment based on the patient’s individual characteristics. To promote this personalized approach, diseases must accurately be diagnosed; specific biomarkers can predict disease evolution and optimize therapy based on each patient's characteristics such as their genetic background, lifestyle and environmental risk factors. Over the years, we have seen a revolution in pharmacotherapy and management of patients receiving personalized medicine, especially when we consider immunotherapy and specific tyrosine kinases inhibitors.

Patients with inflammatory diseases, such as monogenetic diabetes and chronic kidney disease, have benefited from the progress made within the last decade related to our understanding of the genetic basis of diabetes. Similarly, patients in precision oncology, with breast, prostate and blood cancer have experienced better overall survival rates with targeted therapy such as trastuzumab (breast cancer), PARPs inhibitors (prostate cancer), imatinib, ibrutinib and venetoclax (leukemia).

All these advancements have been aided by the investigation and identification of clinical and laboratory biomarkers, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and nanotechnology.
In this context, emerging biotechnology applied to therapy investigation and liquid biopsies, which analyze the presence of alterations in nucleic acids and biomarkers, usually in peripheral blood or other biological fluids, brings a new way to improve the individual care each patient receives. Therefore, the goal of this Research Topic is to explore how nanotechnology tools and liquid biopsies protocols can be implemented in precision medicine for the treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases.

We welcome manuscripts on, but not limited to, the following themes:

1. Target therapy investigation: Drug delivery system (nanotechnology, nanomedicine, small molecules, and macromolecules) applied to target therapy, and biodistribution studies.
2. Biomarkers investigation: Single-cell analyses, liquid biopsy studies in cancer and inflammatory disease: Single-cell omics, circulating extracellular nucleic acids (cell-free DNA; cfDNA), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating tumor cells (CTCs), extracellular vesicles, mRNAs, non-coding RNAs, microRNAs.
3. Molecular imaging: Optical preclinical and clinical imaging, ultrasound, PET, MRI, and other imaging modalities.
4. Animal models (small and large animals) and in vitro models (microfluidic technology with 3D cell culture systems)

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