Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) is a common disease causing proteinuria in children and is the second (after Membranous nephropathy ) most common kidney condition in adults. INS comprises a panel of conditions that have different pathologic backgrounds (MCD, IgM mes, FSGS) but potentially share some common mechanisms. In spite of two decades of research, the pathogenesis remains unclear. Immunological causes have been hypothesized on the basis of responses to drugs (steroids, immunodepressors and anti-CD 20 antibodies) but there are ample margins for expansion, especially in those cases that evolve to chronic renal failure and require a renal transplant. The possibility of post-transplant recurrence of the disease represents the worst evolution in terms of clinical and psychological implications. It implies the existence of plasma factors causative of the disease whose characterization is a main objective of the research. T/B cell origin, immunological mechanisms, circulating factors and therapy are key topics of this special issue that is aimed to give an updated vision of the state of art research on this pathology.

The goal is to collect and discuss together - in a Research Topic - all the data that two decades of research have produced, related to cell mechanism of INS, proposals for the identification of causative plasma factors and evolution in the field of therapies. New drugs active in modulation and blockers of B cell subtypes offer new clues for interpreting the events leading to chronic and unresponsive conditions. Researchers active in the broad field of the pathogenesis of INS are requested to participate, presenting the results of their research in terms of critical analysis, significance and future potentialities. Proposals for new associations of drugs are also welcome.

We aim to collect the latest research progress on the influencing factors, pathogenesis,
biomarkers and management of childhood INS and summarize the latest knowledge and findings. We welcome the fusion of multiple approaches, methods, and fields to discover the latest progress in childhood INS, and provide new ideas for the prevention, drug development, prognosis and management of childhood INS.

Original Research, Review, and other article types are welcome. We accept the submission of research on recent breakthroughs in the discovery of new biomarkers in the pathophysiology of INS, newer management strategies, important influencing factors found in population epidemiology, and their clinical significance.

Subtopics include, but are not limited to, the following:

1) Etiology in the pathogenesis of INS
2) Pathways in the pathogenic regulation of INS
3) Molecular mechanisms of INS occurrence and development, including cellular and humoral factors and defects in tolerance and clearance mechanisms
4) Research on the causal relationship between influencing factors and INS
5) Genetic, epigenetic, protein, metabolomic, and environmental factors contributing to INS development
6) Research on biomarkers for early screening, prevention, and treatment of INS
7) Animal or population epidemiological studies on drug therapy targets and drug precision therapy in INS
8) Research on factors affecting drug efficacy in INS
9) Current or future research on INS treatment strategies
10) Investigation of potential biomarkers of INS

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