Metabolic-related diseases include obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, fatty liver, cardiovascular disease, and related tumors, which are rapidly increasing in prevalence. Metabolic-related diseases accompanied by chronic low-grade inflammation have fundamentally changed our view of the underlying causes and progression of them. Inflammation contributes to maladaptive responses such as fibrosis and necrosis that can cause significant tissue damage. It is the activation of these inflammatory cytokines that play a critical role in the development of a chronic inflammatory state and contributes to metabolic dysfunction. Indeed, several clinical therapeutic strategies that tried to interfere with pro-inflammatory processes have already achieved varying degrees of success. In addition to inflammation, immune regulation has been delineated as a driving force of pathogenesis in metabolic disease. Many emerging studies indicate that innate and adaptive immune cell responses in adipose tissue, as well as in the intestine have critical roles in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis. Immune cells, such as macrophages, T cells, and B cells could promote insulin resistance in metabolic related diseases, in part through secretion of proinflammatory cytokines.

Since inflammation and immune regulation contribute to metabolic-related diseases' pathogenic mechanisms, new therapeutic strategies and combination or multi-target directed therapies may be a new frontier for the treatment of metabolic-related diseases.

The goal of this Special Issue is to understand the relationship between inflammation and immune regulation in the onset and/or progression of the metabolic-related disease and to explore new therapeutic strategies including single and multitarget-directed ligands approach. Original research and review articles are welcome.

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:
1. Clinical research：
- Identification of new biomarkers for metabolic-related diseases in patients
- Construction of early predictive or warning models for metabolic diseases based on inflammation/immune factors.
2. The latest single-cell sequencing research on metabolic-related diseases.
3. Target mechanism research:
- The role of inflammation in metabolic related diseases
- The role of immune regulation and its interaction with inflammation in metabolic-related diseases
- Design, synthesis and in vitro assessment of multitarget-directed ligands or combination therapy for the treatment of immune response and inflammation in metabolic-related disease
- In vivo evaluation of multitarget-directed ligands or combination therapy for the treatment of immune response and inflammation in metabolic-related disease

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