Top bar navigation
Frontiers in
Materials
About us
About us
Who we are
Mission and values
History
Leadership
Awards
Impact and progress
Frontiers' impact
Progress Report 2022
All progress reports
Publishing model
How we publish
Open access
Fee policy
Peer review
Research integrity
Research Topics
Services
Societies
National consortia
Institutional partnerships
Collaborators
More from Frontiers
Frontiers Forum
Frontiers Planet Prize
Press office
Sustainability
Career opportunities
Contact us
All journals
All articles
Submit your research
Search
Frontiers in
Materials
Sections
Sections
Biomaterials and Bio-Inspired Materials
Carbon-Based Materials
Ceramics and Glass
Colloidal Materials and Interfaces
Computational Materials Science
Energy Materials
Environmental Degradation of Materials
Mechanics of Materials
Metamaterials
Polymeric and Composite Materials
Quantum Materials
Semiconducting Materials and Devices
Smart Materials
Structural Materials
Thin Solid Films
Articles
Research Topics
Editorial board
About journal
About journal
Scope
Field chief editors
Mission & scope
Facts
Journal sections
Open access statement
Copyright statement
Quality
For authors
Why submit?
Article types
Author guidelines
Editor guidelines
Publishing fees
Submission checklist
Contact editorial office
About us
About us
Who we are
Mission and values
History
Leadership
Awards
Impact and progress
Frontiers' impact
Progress Report 2022
All progress reports
Publishing model
How we publish
Open access
Fee policy
Peer review
Research integrity
Research Topics
Services
Societies
National consortia
Institutional partnerships
Collaborators
More from Frontiers
Frontiers Forum
Frontiers Planet Prize
Press office
Sustainability
Career opportunities
Contact us
All journals
All articles
Submit your research
Frontiers in
Materials
Sections
Sections
Biomaterials and Bio-Inspired Materials
Carbon-Based Materials
Ceramics and Glass
Colloidal Materials and Interfaces
Computational Materials Science
Energy Materials
Environmental Degradation of Materials
Mechanics of Materials
Metamaterials
Polymeric and Composite Materials
Quantum Materials
Semiconducting Materials and Devices
Smart Materials
Structural Materials
Thin Solid Films
Articles
Research Topics
Editorial board
About journal
About journal
Scope
Field chief editors
Mission & scope
Facts
Journal sections
Open access statement
Copyright statement
Quality
For authors
Why submit?
Article types
Author guidelines
Editor guidelines
Publishing fees
Submission checklist
Contact editorial office
Frontiers in
Materials
Sections
Sections
Biomaterials and Bio-Inspired Materials
Carbon-Based Materials
Ceramics and Glass
Colloidal Materials and Interfaces
Computational Materials Science
Energy Materials
Environmental Degradation of Materials
Mechanics of Materials
Metamaterials
Polymeric and Composite Materials
Quantum Materials
Semiconducting Materials and Devices
Smart Materials
Structural Materials
Thin Solid Films
Articles
Research Topics
Editorial board
About journal
About journal
Scope
Field chief editors
Mission & scope
Facts
Journal sections
Open access statement
Copyright statement
Quality
For authors
Why submit?
Article types
Author guidelines
Editor guidelines
Publishing fees
Submission checklist
Contact editorial office
Submit
your research
Search
Frontiers in Materials
Smart Materials
Research Topics
Four-dimensional (4D) Printing
Four-dimensional (4D) Printing
11
k
Total Downloads
51
k
Total Views and Downloads
Download PDF
Download EPUB
Submit your idea
You will be redirected to our submission process.
Overview
Articles
Authors
Impact
Impact
Share on
Published in
Frontiers in Materials
Smart Materials
2.6
impact factor
4.8
citescore
Impact
51k
Topic views
38k
Article views
11k
Article downloads
View impact