Krisztina Rita Dörnyei1*
Ilke Uysal-Unalan2
Victoria Krauter3
Ramona Weinrich4
Loredana Incarnato5
Igor Karlovits6
Giancarlo Colelli7
Polymeros Chrysochou8
Margaret Camilleri Fenech9Marit Kvalvåg Pettersen10
Elena Arranz11Begonya Marcos12Valeria Frigerio13†
Annalisa Apicella5Selçuk Yildirim14
Fátima Poças15
Matthijs Dekker16
Lahti Johanna17Véronique Coma18
Milena Corredig2- 1Institute of Marketing, Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
- 2Department of Food Science, CiFood, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- 3Section Packaging and Resource Management, University of Applied Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- 4Department of Consumer Behaviour in the Bioeconomy, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- 5Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
- 6Department of Print and Packaging, Pulp and Paper Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- 7Department of the Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
- 8Department of Management, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- 9Institute for Climate Change and Sustainable Development, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
- 10Nofima AS, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Tromsø, Norway
- 11Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- 12Food Quality and Technology, IRTA, Food Quality and Technology, Monells, Spain
- 13Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- 14Institute of Food and Beverage Innovation, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland
- 15Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
- 16Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
- 17Sustainable Materials and Products, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tampere, Finland
- 18LCPO-UMR5629, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, INP/ENSCPB, Pessac, France
Food packaging solutions need to be redesigned to be more sustainable, but determining which solution is ‘more optimal’ is a very difficult task when considering the entire food product value chain. Previous papers paved the way toward a sustainable food packaging definition, but it is far from being commonly accepted or well usable in the broad food systems domain, which further results in uninformed choices for sustainable food packaging made by all stakeholders in the value chain: producers, distributors, practitioners and consumers. Therefore, this work aims first at giving a state-of-the-art overview of sustainable food packaging terms (38 similar terms were identified and grouped into four clusters: Sustainable, Circular, Bio and Other sustainable packaging) and definitions using systematic (narrative) review analysis and ‘controlled expert opinion feedback’ methodology. Second, it aims to offer an updated definition for sustainable food packaging, which is also specific to food packaging and be simple, coherent, easily understandable, and communicable to everybody. The applied holistic approach intends to include all aspects of the food-packaging unit, to consider food safety and packaging functionality, while taking into account different disciplines and challenges related to food packaging along the supply chain. Being a balancing act, a sustainable food packaging may not be a perfect solution, but contextual, suboptimal and in need of constant validation.
1. Introduction
Food packaging solutions are widely recognized to produce multiple advantages within the whole food supply chain and related stakeholders, but the present consumption rate of materials, linear production and consumption models used for packaging, and their littering make the current situation no longer bearable. The current packaging solutions for food need to be redesigned in a more sustainable way (Herbes et al., 2020; Testa et al., 2020). Without a doubt, the environmental problems caused by (fossil fuel-based plastic and high resource intensive materials) packaging need to be tackled by launching new solutions, focusing on refuse, reuse, replace, reduce as well as recycle such materials (see e.g.: Papargyropoulou et al., 2014; Knauf, 2015; Van Ewijk and Stegemann, 2016). The concept of packaging sustainability—in accordance with the Brundtland Report (Keeble, 1988), is defined as a ‘development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’—has been one of the most highly discussed topics for some time (Nordin and Selke, 2010; Boz et al., 2020; Ketelsen et al., 2020), and has been an emerging area of interest for scholars and practitioners around the world (Ketelsen et al., 2020; Vila-Lopez and Küster-Boluda, 2020; Wandosell et al., 2021).
Previous papers paved the way toward a sustainable food packaging definition (Wikström et al., 2019; Camilleri, 2020; Morseletto, 2020), but it is far from being commonly accepted or well usable in the broad food systems domain. Companies (such as Coca-Cola, McDonald’s, Tesco), organizations [such as Sustainable Packaging Alliance (SPA) and Sustainable Packaging Coalition (SPC)] and academic researchers with different academic backgrounds (economic, material sciences, environmental management, etc.) have formulated various definitions, which are not fully aligned (Pauer et al., 2019). The lack of agreement is leading to confusion not only among consumers, who already struggle with identifying sustainable packaging solutions at the point of sale (Boz et al., 2020; Acuti et al., 2022), but presumably also among legislators and other supply chain members (Trubetskaya et al., 2022). Lack of a widely accepted definition (or use of strict versus vague definitions) may lead to major inconsistencies, even to misleading consumers, greenwashing or fraud. When there is no clear understanding of what a sustainable food packaging is, consumers can make wrong choices even with the best of their intentions, from a sustainable point of view (information asymmetry; Akerlof, 1970). This for example may lead to preferring the less sustainable packaging at the expense of the more sustainable one, which then may even disappear from the market. This becomes even more complicated in situations where organizational changes are needed, as for example in tackling solutions linked to re-use of packaging.
This intrinsic controversy that characterizes food products complicates the definition of sustainability in the packaging field. Current definitions on sustainability of packaging solutions are often associated with only waste reduction and pollution prevention. For example, the current EU strategies toward the circular economy deliver a sustainability definition based on packaging waste reduction and support it by the implementation of several tools and requirements (European Commission, 2015, 2019, 2020). This approach may not capture the complexity that food packaging has. Food packaging must serve some critical basic functions, but developing such packages nowadays is more of a balancing act between costs and benefits to reach an equilibrium (e.g., less packaging or more food waste). For example, it has to protect the food from external influences (physical, chemical and biological) throughout the supply chain (including many stages such as point of purchase, use at home and post-use), maintain its safety and quality during the given shelf life, refrain from releasing harmful substances into the food, respond to the highest safety standards, which are set by regulatory agencies (Begley et al., 2005), provide visual product quality cues and other relevant information important for consumers’ trust and ultimately reduce food waste and loss. All of these aspects are of critical importance. Furthermore, the requirements for packaging may be different for the same product in different supply chains (e.g.: kept at ambient, cold, or frozen storage), causing increased complexities.
Food packaging has a special place in the plastic packaging debate since 40% of the plastic produced, namely PE, PP, PET and PS, is being used in food packaging applications (Plastics Europe, 2021), and the use of plastic in this domain is seen by consumers as a problem larger than climate change (Otto et al., 2021). Selecting the right packaging method, material and tailoring properties according to the needs of the food product (fit-for-purpose packaging as reported by Verghese et al., 2015) is a critical aspect, since every product has its own characteristics, thereby having product-specific requirements. All those factors add complications when striving for sustainable harmonization and obviously cause a new set of challenges at the end of life of the particular packaging material (Bauer et al., 2021).
Hence, harmonization is required to ensure uniform strategies when defining packaging sustainability and packaged food supply systems, across all actors. Furthermore, clear communication to and from policymakers is needed—especially in industry sectors where producers are overburdened by cost, legislation, and strict but sometimes overwhelmingly skewed compliance requirements. A commonly agreed holistic definition of sustainable food packaging would show how sustainability can be assessed for food products, would accelerate progress, alleviate the discourse, and would assist in the establishment of effective collaborations among stakeholders. In addition, this agreement will also reduce greenwashing by avoiding the fashionable effects of certain terms relating to sustainability, used wrongly or rightly, making more complex the consumer’s choice in the end and the work of industrials really invested in reducing the environmental impact.
Therefore, the aims of this article are (1) to clarify the currently used terms and definitions for sustainable food packaging, (2) to identify critical issues which are relevant to the topic, and (3) to offer an updated and holistic consensus definition for sustainable food packaging. This work was carried out by a vast group of researchers engaged in different disciplines of food packaging and with diverse research backgrounds, therefore, this new definition intends to consider the entire value chain, which extends from raw material resources all the way to post consumer processing of the packaging material. Contrary to previous definitions, this definition aims to be specific to food packaging and be simple yet coherent, holistic and harmonic, easily understandable, and communicable to everybody. Moreover, this article is written with the undisguised goal of starting an international dialog on this very impactful and dynamic subject.
2. Methodology
2.1. Analysis framework
The analysis framework consisted of three steps. Firstly, a systematic (narrative) review analysis was performed using Web of Science. Articles in a 20 years’ time range (2002 to July 2022) were extracted to create a knowledge database. The search string was composed of the following keywords and fields: ‘Topic: Food’; ‘All fields: Packaging’; Abstract: ‘sustainability’, ‘sustainable’, ‘environmental’, ‘circular’, ‘green’, ‘eco-friendly’ or ‘eco friendly’. Boolean operators “AND” and “OR” were used to combine the three defined research fields and keywords. If needed, additional articles were also employed for analysis to further clarify some of the concepts. The descriptive results of the literature search are described in Section 2.2.
In the second phase, relevant articles were qualitatively analyzed to review the terminology, to identify critical issues and to create an updated definition for sustainable packaging. Thirdly, a technique similar to Delphi (structured communication with qualitative analyzing approach) was used in two rounds to complete the initial review of the terminology, to refine the list of critical issues and to finalize the new definition. Similar methodologies are often used in many areas of science to find a consensus of a group of experts‘opinion with controlled opinion feedback (Dalkey and Helmer, 1963; Hasson and Keeney, 2011; Niederberger and Spranger, 2020), and it serves an important basis for evaluating previous results and often useful when opinions from an expert group are presumably more accurate than those from unstructured groups (Niederberger and Spranger, 2020), especially in a field where incomplete knowledge is evident (Giannarou and Zervas, 2014). First, a small panel of experts (a group of 5 experts; without anonymity) was selected based on interdisciplinarity and expertise in the field of sustainable packaging. During a series of online meetings all experts presented their views, then responses were collected, conflicting viewpoints were identified, analyzed and discussed until consensus was reached. The group’s views were analyzed qualitatively, and the initial text was modified accordingly. In the second round a larger panel was constructed (a group of 20 experts including the previous experts) to collect different views in written form. Again, viewpoints were identified, analyzed and discussed until consensus was reached.
As a result, a review of terminology arranged based on agreed relevance (Table 1; discussed in Section 3.1), a review of challenges (Table 2; discussed in Section 3.2) and the new definition (discussed in Section 4) for sustainable packaging were established.
Table 1. Review of terminology used for sustainable packaging solutions.
Table 2. Review of challenges for sustainable packaging solutions.
2.2. General search results
The search with the keyword ‘food’ as a topic narrowed down the search to 854,551 references, while ‘packaging’ limited the search to 121,981 references. After applying the ‘sustainability’ keyword (or a synonym such as ‘sustainable’, ‘environmental’, ‘circular’, ‘green’, ‘eco-friendly’ or ‘eco friendly’) the article search resulted in a database of 3,850 references.
In general, results show that the food packaging community at large, which includes researchers, practitioners, industry and marketing experts, has been increasingly focused on finding sustainable packaging solutions for food products. This is well reflected in Figure 1, where the number of publications related to ‘sustainable food packaging’ have exponentially grown in the past 20 years with a steep increase in the years between 2019 and 2022. The trend can be assumed to continue in the near future, which makes the aim of this article especially relevant.
Figure 1. Number of publications on sustainable food packaging between 2002 and July 2022.
Results also show limited integration between disciplines, or connections between consumers, materials and food (see Figure 2). The lack of multidisciplinary research can also be a reason for missing clear definitions in the food packaging topic. For example, a large number of articles are related to technical (material) fields, such as antimicrobial substances to increase product shelf life. While other articles use more general terms and focus on consumer related issues without material related terms. Moreover, the absence of terms related to end of life also indicates the need for a more integrated (holistic) approach in this field, which can be completed first in a definition that can be easily understood by everyone.
Figure 2. Co-occurrence analysis of the most relevant papers in literature. Size of the nodes represent more frequently used terms. Different colors represent different clusters. The minimum number of terms is 10, at least 30 times occurring /terms.
3. Results
3.1. Previously used terms and definitions of sustainable packaging
Different terms used in previous research for sustainable packaging were reviewed (see Table 1, which summarizes the 38 different packaging terms related to the concept of sustainable packaging). All these terms highlight the (reduction of) impact that packaging has on the environment or society (Ilgin and Gupta, 2010; Prakash and Pathak, 2017; Nguyen et al., 2020; Zeng and Durif, 2020). The used terms have been summarized in four clusters: ‘Sustainable packaging’, ‘Circular packaging’, ‘Bio packaging’ and ‘Other sustainable’.
3.1.1. Sustainable packaging
Packaging solutions in this category include the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) approach based on economic, social, and environmental impacts (Jain and Hudnurkar, 2022) and their integration into the life cycle of the packaging material—from cradle to grave—throughout each stage of the supply chain. Terms like environmentally friendly and green packaging are often used as synonyms for sustainable packaging, therefore those were also put in this category; however, these are not necessarily synonyms. When describing sustainable packaging, authors either used their own definitions or the definitions by the Sustainable Packaging Coalition (2005, 2009) or the Sustainable Packaging Alliance (2004). These definitions offer a valuable starting point, but have also been criticized earlier in literature (Grönman et al., 2013). It is also noted that sustainable packaging always comes with an environmental impact, therefore ‘more’ and ‘less’ sustainable packaging would be a more appropriate term (Boz et al., 2020), or the concept of ‘sustainable packaging’ should be deconstructed, because this absolute value is rather utopic. Moreover, these terms do not refer, at least directly, to the potential of reducing food waste, although this may be sometimes the case, and are mostly focused on avoiding unnecessary packaging, overpackaging or single-use plastics, thus reducing the direct environmental consequences of the use of the materials.
3.1.2. Circular packaging
Packages in this category are designed according to the principles of the circular economy. Recyclable, recycled, reusable and zero waste are often considered as similar terms, and so grouped together. Circular packaging can be seen as one way toward sustainability due to the reduction in new resources entering the system. It can be regarded as a subcategory of sustainable packaging, however the concept shifts the focus more to the life-cycle (resource cycles) and to the end of life of the material (Testa et al., 2020), in spite of the fact that avoidance should be the highest priority in the decision tree. Re-introducing a material to avoid the use of virgin resources may at times be costly, or very difficult to be proven safe (Nerín et al., 2022; Tsochatzis et al., 2022). Reusing, mechanical or chemical recycling are all within the circular packaging definition, and the origin of the material (e.g.: from renewable sources, fossil fuel) or the amount of resources (energy, raw materials, etc) are not included in the definitions. Their end of life can also be quite varying, for example, in the case of compostable materials, their conditions for compostability may vary from simple household composting to complex industrial composting. Similarly, recycling can be chemical, mechanical, and may result in a downgrade of the material. Furthermore, in this category of terms, there is no reference to the specific functions (i.e., protection) that the packaging material may impart to the food.
3.1.3. Bio packaging
This is a diverse and slightly ill-defined category, since packages in this category can also be those labeled “compostable,” “bio-degradable,” “oxo-degradable,” or “bio-based.” These packages are highlighting the origin of the packaging material and/or its ability to degrade. The materials can be made from renewable sources (e.g.: second generation feedstocks), or are in some cases fossil-based. Plastic material made from bio-based material may not necessarily be bio-degradable. This broad group of packaging could be regarded as a subcategory of sustainable packaging, however, one must consider the material’s origin, and especially in the case of displacement of food crops with biomass waste or residues, e.g., unavoidable agricultural or forestry wastes as well as their potential degradability at end of life alternative (Cruz et al., 2022). Moreover, such terms are a big source of confusion not only among consumers, therefore could lead to an environmental risk in the long term.
3.1.4. Other sustainable packaging
Packages in this category fulfill certain aspects of sustainability (Lewis et al., 2007, 2010; Santi et al., 2022), which looks at broader solutions for sustainable packaging, leading to effective, efficient, cyclic and safe practices. For example, refills, innovative and lightweight packages indicate solutions which bring significant improvements to current practices, and to some extent also are easily demonstrating to the end user (i.e., consumer) the improved function; for example, they lead to minimizing food waste, decrease plastic littering, or improving waste sorting are indicated in the definitions. These can be also considered as a subcategory of sustainable packaging.
Based on the numerous (38) expressions collected, one can conclude that, unfortunately, literature uses too many terms, of which many are very similar (see synonyms such as ‘Environmentally friendly’, ‘Eco-friendly’, ‘Ecologically responsible’, ‘Ecologically conscious’, ‘Pro-environmental’, ‘Eco-designed). In many cases the definitions are superficial and cannot be used outside of the context they belong to. The definitions treat the three pillars of sustainability (natural, human, and economic capital; Hansmann et al., 2012) unequally, and the environment gets the most focus. Moreover, there is little emphasis on the role (responsibility) that the actors (i.e., consumers, managers) may play, and, more importantly, these terms do not relate the packaging together with the product, which in food is a grave simplification. The use of technical terms also may present communication challenges, as this may hinder the public (mostly consumers, but also journalists and managers) to understand, evaluate and make appropriate practical decisions. Hence, the current definitions of sustainable packaging are too complex and cannot be communicated well because consumers and other stakeholders do not have enough abilities (will) to process this information (Dörnyei et al., 2017). All these factors can lead to the so-called problem of ‘information overload’, or worse, to misleading communication of sustainable packaging (greenwashing).
3.2. Challenges and reasons for updating sustainable food packaging
A review of the literature also brings up some of the important challenges in relation to re-defining the concept of food packaging sustainability (see Table 2).
3.2.1. The protection of food products takes center stage
Packaging exists because of the product. This is especially true for food products, where packaging can be regarded as an added service (Löfgren, 2005; Löfgren et al., 2008). Therefore, the packaging solution needs to ensure, first and foremost, without compromises, the quality and safety of the food it contains (Han et al., 2018). However, this sometimes includes over-packing with the use of unnecessary long shelf life (often forced by retailers) instead of optimal shelf life or ‘just necessary packaging’ (Coffigniez et al., 2021). Food packaging and shelf life extension is a balance between the packaging and waste. Longest shelf life sometimes is not necessary, especially in areas where logistic and technological infrastructure make it possible to consume food in a much shorter time or if products are on average sold much before the expiration date. When long distances are instead critical to provide consumers with healthy and affordable choices (i.e., remote locations) long shelf life is critical to avoiding food waste. This means that the materials have a verifiable means to ensure – among others – no chemical components in amounts that can endanger the health of the consumers should migrate from the environment (and from the packaging material) into the food, or release micro/nanoplastics in the environment. Such a product centered approach of packaging is very unique to the food packaging field and significantly complicates the adoption and validation of universal sustainable packaging solutions.
3.2.2. The food product-package is one inseparable unit
To evaluate and measure the sustainability of packaged food products, the product and (and not necessarily only the primary) container should be regarded as a unit with a common environmental footprint, and the material should not be evaluated alone itself, nor the food (Meherishi et al., 2021). In particular, for food, it should be emphasized that primary packaging prevents food waste, which is a very important aspect of the environmental footprint (Dilkes-Hoffman et al., 2018; Molina-Besch et al., 2019). Food waste contributes to a significant amount of the total greenhouse gas emissions of the food, and once it is processed, all resources used are part of the final balance. The package is only a portion of the entire footprint (Crippa et al., 2021). Hence, no sustainable solutions can be found where the quality and shelf life of the product are compromised.
3.2.3. For food packaging both direct and indirect sustainability effects must be considered
Environmental impacts related to food packaging could be the result of direct (refer to the impacts caused during production, consumption, and disposal) or indirect (refer to the impacts generated by the industries that supply the final production point) effects on the environment (Lindh et al., 2016). While the negative direct effects of packages are usually considered in sustainability evaluations, the positive or negative indirect effects that packaging could provide through food product protection, supply chain, or sorting and end of life are not always included. In case of packaged food products, the two environmental effects need to be considered together (de Koeijer et al., 2017) as including indirect effects may show very different overall environmental impact, depending on the food-packaging system (Williams and Wikström, 2011; Wikström et al., 2016).
3.2.4. Food packaging is a resource, not litter
Packaging is a people-made novel entity (Persson et al., 2022), and it will always have a negative environmental cost; it is not possible to have packaging materials with no impact on the environment. All packaging material has an environmental footprint (Morgan et al., 2022), and there is a cost associated with the resources used, even when recycled or reused. In the case of food products, it is important to quantitatively measure the environmental footprint of the food, from cradle to grave, including the packaging material with its own life-cycle (if circular). Furthermore, the added value the package can offer needs to be taken into consideration, together with any littering or recovering efforts (consumer behavior is very important in the late stages of the life cycle), as well as any reduction in food waste. Food packaging then should be considered as an additional, valuable resource integral part of the food product, and can no longer be considered of low value, ending up in litter or waste.
3.2.5. Avoidance of food packaging is not always the best option
As with many resources employed in the food system, complete avoidance of the packaging use should be the preferred solution, but only if this does not have a detrimental effect on the safety and quality of the product or on minimizing food waste (Beitzen-Heineke et al., 2017; Williams et al., 2020). In particular, minimizing food waste needs to be the primary goal. On average, packaging is estimated to account for only 10% of the total energy inputs for one person’s weekly consumption of food, while it plays a critical role in ensuring that the other 90% of energy inputs to the supply chain are not wasted (Verghese et al., 2015). Instead, a critical hierarchy needs to be established, and it has to be related to an overall decrease of the footprint, as quantified for example using a life cycle assessment (LCA), which takes into consideration all resources, as well as the end of life and food waste (Nguyen et al., 2020), and a social life cycle assessment (SLCA), which is aimed at evaluating social and socioeconomic aspects of product-packaging units (Jørgensen, 2013).
3.2.6. Sustainable food packaging development, in practice, is a balancing act
A well designed package needs to fulfill basic important functions, such as protection, storage, loading and transport, marketing, sale, promotion and communication, and impart trust of the food to the consumer, a ‘guarantee’ of its quality and consistency (Molina-Besch et al., 2019; Ketelsen et al., 2020); all of this while also satisfying any sustainability requirements originating from the entire life of the product-package unit, including, but not limited to, logistics, production, engineering, material sources, end of life functions such as sorting, composting or recycling (Lindh et al., 2016; Wandosell et al., 2021). A sustainable packaging can be achieved by operating on three different levels: (1) at the level of raw materials (through the use of recycled raw materials, renewable resources or deriving from the revaluation of industrial processing waste); (2) at the production level (through more energy efficient processes); and (3) at the level of eco-design (through the reduction of thicknesses and weights; the realization of mono materials, fully recyclable structures in alternative to heterogeneous, multi material packaging, which are harder to sort; the realization of biodegradable and/or compostable packaging, in alternative to fossil fuel-based materials). In order to provide sustainable packaging with satisfying performance suitable for food applications, it is fundamental to implement appropriate innovative functionalization strategies; among these, the use of nanotechnologies, blending and/or filling technologies, the development of active packaging, the realization of high performance active and passive coatings and layers orientation. The combination of multiple requirements and sustainability implementation possibilities makes sustainable packaging development an extremely difficult balancing act which is hard to measure. As a consequence, in practice, sustainability in packaging development is still limited (de Koeijer et al., 2017).
3.2.7. Multidisciplinary approach is needed to create sustainable food packaging solutions
Packaging sustainability is defined and measured differently depending on the discipline (Jiménez-Guerrero et al., 2015; Martinho et al., 2015; Han et al., 2018; Herbes et al., 2020; Zeng and Durif, 2020; Wandosell et al., 2021; Zeng et al., 2021). For example, from the materials engineering perspective packaging sustainability means balancing resource use while optimizing the properties of the packaging source material (e.g.: ease in processability, low energy consumption, or less use of chemicals in production or end of life). In this case sustainability is mostly measured by LCA (Steenis et al., 2018). The process is not easy, especially if data input is poor (Radonjič, 2019), but at least with LCA it is possible to give an exact answer between scenarios. On the other hand, from a marketing perspective, packaging is an essential tool to communicate and influence consumers (Dörnyei and Lunardo, 2021), deliver information, and aid in decision making. In this case the effectiveness of a package is mostly measured by consumers’ willingness to buy, and sustainability is only applied with designs that facilitate sales goals. Companies have clear ambitions with regard to improving food packaging sustainability; but not at the expense of product’s market potential. However, as far apart as the two disciplines are at the current time, they must work together to find optimal sustainable packaging solutions for food products.
3.2.8. Not all food packaging innovation is sustainable
When developing innovative sustainable food packaging solutions, challenges of technological nature, concerning materials and processes, can be encountered. For example, in an attempt to replace fossil-fuel-based plastics, the use of renewable materials in bio-plastics is steadily growing (Cruz et al., 2022; Rosenboom et al., 2022; Shlush and Davidovich-Pinhas, 2022). Although the use of bio-plastic is associated with positive consumer perception (Herbes et al., 2018), these materials may not be necessarily compostable, biodegradable, recyclable, or may be a challenge to sort depending on the economies of scale in the various municipalities. In addition, some technological properties of these materials are still not fully satisfactory, hindering their large market uptake. Among these, raw material variability, a too narrow processing window, inherent brittleness, poor barrier properties, scarce impact and thermal resistance. As for the processes, a fundamental requirement for the implementation of innovative sustainable packaging solutions on a large scale is industrial feasibility. In general, non-invasive innovations compared to conventional technologies (e.g., redesigning packaging by reducing thickness and weight) are excellent options for improving current practices and are generally welcomed and accepted by all stakeholders. On the other hand, more invasive innovations (for example the use of new materials or “niche” technological innovations, not compatible with conventional manufacturing processes or machin-ability) often raise a number of additional problems along the value chain, will rarely meet industrial acceptance and may create confusion and slow down acceptance and implementation (Morone and Imbert, 2020).
3.2.9. Context (local) is key to food packaging sustainability
Determining the sustainability of the food packaging solution by omitting the context in which the solution exists can lead to incorrect evaluations. The context, i.e., country of origin, consumption region and supply chains, specific product features, and user (consumer) habits, plays a major role in determining packaging sustainability (Lindh et al., 2016). For example, an LCA analysis of packaging for olive oil demonstrated that while glass bottles are preferable for local distribution, tinplate cans are more sustainable for long-distance distribution (Guiso et al., 2016). Therefore, including more context-specific factors into sustainable packaging evaluations will lead to more sustainable and transparent solutions, toward true harmonization of sustainable packaging in the marketplace.
3.2.10. Regulatory landscape of sustainable food packaging is not fully comprehensive
Sustainable packaging is not yet properly defined by law, current regulations are not comprehensive and often misleading to some extent, which makes it a challenge to design truly sustainable packaging solutions. Similarly, unnecessary packaging is also an ill-defined concept. Labeling regulations are also limited: uses of claims (symbol, color) which falsely convey that the package is more sustainable than the alternative in the market can be misleading and lead to greenwashing (Boz et al., 2020). It is then clear the need for a shared regulatory framework, which constitutes a guideline for the sustainable design of packaging and is supported by consumer engagement, through a more transparent communication (Dörnyei et al., 2022).
3.2.11. Consumer knowledge and awareness on sustainable food packaging is limited
Recent studies highlight that consumers show increasing concern about sustainability issues, and sustainability affected food consumption is becoming a genuine driver of choice (Trivium Packaging, 2022). It is critical therefore that consumers are provided with information on the sustainability of the food package, and that there are clear instructions also on how to dispose of the food package at the post consumer phase. Indeed, the consumer is mindful of the environment but is often poorly informed about specific issues, for example, the degree of sustainability of the various materials and the context in which they are used. Consumers are often not able to distinguish between industrial composting and household (home-) composting, in addition, there is no real control (composition, rest of plastic fragments, etc) on the compost made at home, which may result in more littering. Recent evidence also shows that the sustainability rating of European consumers and scientific LCAs currently are misaligned (Otto et al., 2021). Moreover, complexity in use of terms (as already described above) also hinders consumer understanding of truly sustainable packaging choices. Consumer knowledge about packaging sustainability needs to be improved to prevent and avoid greenwashing at consumer but also at industry level.
3.2.12. Food packaging is an information source on both product and packaging sustainability
As one of the main contacts in the consumer journey, the package itself has increasingly become an effective way to communicate with consumers and other stakeholders about sustainability (Wyrwa and Barska, 2017). Consumers use multiple attributes and cues, such as packaging design (Otto et al., 2021), verbal attributes (e.g., text labels, logos and other cues), symbolic and text-based cues (Dinh et al., 2022) to evaluate the sustainability of the food product (such as product composition or shelf-life) and its packaging (such as showing garbage sorting instructions; Magnier and Crié, 2015). This dual task can sometimes confuse users if not sufficiently explicit.
4. Updated and holistic definition for sustainable food packaging
The search for sustainable packaging solutions is constantly evolving. Thanks to innovation in the food packaging field, technological advances, and impact assessment methodologies, a fixed definition of packaging sustainability is logically not possible. However, results provided in this work suggest that there are some major aspects that contribute to a sustainability definition for food packaging. A definition that includes all these aspects while giving space to future innovation is required (Santi et al., 2022). Therefore, a holistic definition of ‘sustainable food packaging’ is proposed here to be used by the broader food packaging community, in both scientific and mainstream publications.
Sustainable food packaging is an optimized, measured (quantified) and validated solution, which takes into consideration the balance of social, economic, ecological and safe implementations of the circular value chain, based on the entire history (life cycle) of the food product-package unit.
While the holistic definition was created specifically for the food domain, it can be also applied to other areas with minor changes. The definition offered takes into consideration the balance of the lowest possible use of resources (e.g.: rational use of ecologically available resources, avoidance of unnecessary overconsumption) and at the same time all direct and indirect environmental impacts. It includes all aspects of the food-packaging unit, as well as all stakeholders and actors needs along the supply chain, while being efficient, effective, cyclic and safe (Lewis et al., 2007, 2010). Furthermore, it should be produced from renewable sources, preferably using land and water resources that do not displace food and feed. This holistic perspective is key to the ability to take into consideration food safety and packaging functionality into the equation, including consumers, who play a key role in ensuring that the intended design is implemented.
The analysis of definitions also shows the necessity to broaden and deepen the aspects of measurement and metrics of sustainable packaging and to open a new debate in future publications. Measurement is an important step of the current definition, however exact measures that would be associated with this new definition is not offered here. There are a plethora of metrics to assess packaging sustainability (e.g.: LCA, Ellen McArthur Circularity index), and the landscape is dynamic, often new metrics emerge. Although the measurement of sustainability is still not a fully harmonized practice and often under debate, it should be made a priority to have systems in place that allow comparisons between solutions as they become available. It is then clear that there is a need to come up not only with a common definition, but a ‘standard’ to evaluate sustainability in this field. This would reduce the number of vague, confusing, or even misleading claims, and align common metrics for what sustainability is really about. As there are already problems with the ESG reporting skewing by the companies due to vague framework and assessment, the terminology and research must include strictly measured data with well defined goals, metrics and research framework.
It is then not only important to choose the appropriate material, and to design the appropriate packaging solution, but also awareness, education, and communication to the end users are required to ensure that the package solution ends up being treated and used the way it is intended. Compostability, recyclability, reuse rates for food packaging will continue to be limited if the practical implementation challenges (such as infrastructure) are not overcome, and unless the entire community does not resort to harmonized policies that reduce these practical challenges. In the case of food packaging, a consumer centered approach is key to ensure that the material does not end up as litter or landfill.
Being a balancing act, a sustainable food package solution may not be perfect, but contextual, suboptimal and in need of constant validation. It is important to note that food product designers, food scientists and food packaging practitioners have in common the social responsibility to find the best solution, even when it is not necessarily easy, affordable or convenient, and when it may require organizational changes, as we strive to reach global sustainability goals.
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Author contributions
KRD and MC: conceptualization and methodology. KRD: writing—original draft preparation. KRD, IU-U, VK, RW, and MC: writing—review and editing. KRD, IU-U, VK, RW, LI, IK, GC, PC, MCF, MKP, EA, BM, VF, AA, SY, FP, MD, LJ, VC, and MC: editing. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Funding
This article/publication is based upon work from COST Action Circul-a-bility, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology; www.cost.eu).
Acknowledgments
Authors would like to thank Anne Mette Emdal Navntoft, from Aarhus University Library, for her expert advice on the literature search.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
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Keywords: food, packaging, definition, sustainable, holistic, eco-friendly packaging, circular, challenges
Citation: Dörnyei KR, Uysal-Unalan I, Krauter V, Weinrich R, Incarnato L, Karlovits I, Colelli G, Chrysochou P, Fenech MC, Pettersen MK, Arranz E, Marcos B, Frigerio V, Apicella A, Yildirim S, Poças F, Dekker M, Johanna L, Coma V and Corredig M (2023) Sustainable food packaging: An updated definition following a holistic approach. Front. Sustain. Food Syst. 7:1119052. doi: 10.3389/fsufs.2023.1119052
Edited by:
Annalisa Serio, University of Teramo, ItalyReviewed by:
Barbara Del Curto, Polytechnic University of Milan, ItalyPéter Böröcz, Széchenyi István University, Hungary
Copyright © 2023 Dörnyei, Uysal-Unalan, Krauter, Weinrich, Incarnato, Karlovits, Colelli, Chrysochou, Fenech, Pettersen, Arranz, Marcos, Frigerio, Apicella, Yildirim, Poças, Dekker, Johanna, Coma and Corredig. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Krisztina Rita Dörnyei, a3Jpc3p0aW5hLmRvcm55ZWlAdW5pLWNvcnZpbnVzLmh1
†Present address: Valeria Frigerio, Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland