Abdi Keba ^1* Alganesh Tola ² Kerry E Kaylegian ³ Muluken Kebede ⁴ Ashagrie Zewdu Woldegiorgis ^5*

• ¹ International Livestock Research Institute (Ethiopia), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
• ² Holetta Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Holetta, Ethiopia
• ³ Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
• ⁴ Department of Chemical Engineering, Hawassa University, Institute of Technology, Hawassa, Ethiopia, Hawassa, Ethiopia
• ⁵ Center for Food Science and Nutrition, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Introduction: Food safety remains a challenge in developing nations, including Ethiopia, where dairy products are known to be contaminated with foodborne pathogens. Limited food safety interventions studies for improving food safety along the food supply chain have been conducted. The objective of this intervention study was to improve the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) of women dairy farmers in the central highlands of Ethiopia by developing and delivering training customized to their education level.Methods: Methods: A total of 120 dairy women farmers were recruited from local milk cooperatives and milk collection centers at four study sites. Training materials on clean milk production and hygienic milking practices were developed for an audience that may not be able to read or write. The 3-day curriculum was delivered using theoretical lecturing, video presentation, practical activities, and handouts, and learning was assessed with a questionnaire and checklist. Results: The study indicated that women dairy farmers improved their knowledge, attitude, and practices relating to quality milk production. However, milk shade assessments of individual farmers identified many important risk factors for clean milk production that were due to infrastructure issues.: Discussion: The effectiveness of the training materials and approach was supported by the increase in KAP assessment scores from pre-training to post-training for all study sites. Comparisons of the training outcomes and evaluation results of milk shades were found counterintuitive, which revealed the complexity of food safety interventions. Customized food safety training is effective but should be combined with dairy farming infrastructure improvements to achieve the goal of clean milk production at farm level.