Deciphering serotoninĀ“s role in neurodevelopment

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Background

One of the most challenging questions in neurobiology to tackle is how the serotonergic system steers neurodevelopment . With the increase in serotonergic anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs, serotonin was thought to signal adversity or to serve as an emotional signal. However, a vast amount of literature is accumulating showing that serotonin rather mediates neuroplasticity and plays a key role in early developmental processes. For instance, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serving as antidepressants, increase neurogenesis and trigger autism-related brain and behavioural changes during perinatal exposure. Moreover, serotonin transporter gene variation is associated with alterations in corticolimbic neuroplasticity, autism-related neuroanatomical changes, as well alterations in social behaviour. Hence, the view is emerging that early life changes in serotonin levels influence the developmental course of social-emotional brain circuits that are relevant for autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders. It is particularly exciting that the effects of perinatal SSRI exposure and serotonin transporter gene variation on neurodevelopment seem to overlap to a large extent, both at the cellular and the behavioural level. Yet, the precise mechanisms by which serotonin mediates neurodevelopment in the normal and Ā“autisticĀ“ brain are unclear. Whereas serotonin has a placental origin during early gestation, serotonergic neurons develop during midgestation through a cascade of transcription factors determining the fate of mid-hindbrain neurons that form the Raphe nuclei. These neurons are among the earliest neurons to be generated, and because serotonin is released before any conventional synapses are formed, serotonin is suspected to influence crucial neurodevelopmental processes such as proliferation and migration. During late gestation they target their final destinations in, for instance, the cortex, where they affect the secretion of reelin. Reelin is a secreted extracellular matrix glycoprotein that helps to regulate processes of neuronal migration and positioning in the developing cortex by controlling cellā€“cell interactions. During the late prenatal and early postnatal phase (in rodents) serotonin further shapes the outgrowth of thalamocortical neurons, synaptic connectivity, and the morphology of white fiber tracts. This is steered by transient serotonin transporter expression in thalamocortical projections, sensory and prefrontal cortices and the hippocampus, as well as the local expression patterns of 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B and 5-HT3A receptors that each exerts their specific roles in neuronal migration, remodeling of axons, and controlling dendritic complexity. There is also evidence that serotonin influences neural activity in locus ceroeleusneurons. Hence, serotonin appears to influence the development of both short- and long-distance connections in the brain. This Topical issue is devoted to studies pinpointing the neurodevelopmental effects of serotonin in relation to prenatal SSRI exposure, serotonin transporter gene variation, and autism/neurodevelopmental disorders, using a wide-variety of techniques like cellular and molecular neurobiology, (epi)genetics, knockout, knockdown, mutant, in utero electroporation, neuroanatomy, physiology, MRI and behaviour in rodents and humans. We especially encourage attempts to cross-link the neurodevelopmental processes across the fields of prenatal SSRI exposure, serotonin transporter gene variation, and autism/neurodevelopmental disorders, as well as new views on the positive or beneficial effects on serotonin-mediated neurodevelopmental changes.

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