This special issue highlights innovative research on seismic performance and resilience, focusing on the critical dynamics of foreshock–mainshock–aftershock sequences and their impact on structural behaviour. It seeks to address challenges in analysing and designing seismic-resistant structures, including tall buildings and low ductility frames while exploring advanced concepts such as damage indices, soil-structure interaction, and fragility curves. Contributions employing cutting-edge numerical methods or presenting experimental and analytical findings are particularly welcome. The issue aspires to bridge the gap between theoretical advancements and practical applications, fostering a deeper understanding of how seismic events influence structures and how modern engineering can enhance resilience. Authors are encouraged to submit original research or comprehensive reviews that contribute to shaping the future of seismic design and risk mitigation. By featuring diverse perspectives and methodologies, this issue will serve as a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers aiming to improve earthquake preparedness and structural safety.



Seismic events, particularly foreshock–mainshock–aftershock (FMA) sequences, present a complex challenge in structural engineering. Traditional design approaches often focus on single-event earthquakes, neglecting the cumulative damage and evolving vulnerabilities induced by successive seismic shocks. This gap in understanding has significant implications for the resilience of critical infrastructure, particularly tall buildings, and low-ductility frames, which may suffer progressive degradation under repeated seismic loading. Additionally, current design codes and analytical models still face limitations in accurately capturing the nonlinear behavior of structures subjected to multi-stage seismic ex-citations. The interaction between soil and structural foundations (soil-structure interaction, SSI) further complicates seismic performance assessments, demanding more refined modeling techniques. Moreover, the definition and quantification of damage indices remain an evolving challenge, as conventional metrics may not fully capture the degradation mechanisms that influence long-term structural stability. Recent advancements in computational mechanics, experimental testing, and performance-based seismic design provide opportunities to tackle these challenges:

Numerical Modeling and Simulation: Cutting-edge numerical methods, such as the Generalized Differential Quadrature Method (GDQM), finite element analysis (FEA), and machine learning-based predictive models, are enhancing our ability to simulate complex seismic behaviors with greater accuracy. High-fidelity simulations incorporating FMA sequences allow researchers to analyze cumulative damage and predict potential failure mechanisms in structures.

Innovations in Seismic Resilience and Structural Design: The development of new materials, including hybrid composites and energy-dissipating components, is improving the performance of seismic-resistant structures. Advances in damage indices provide more precise assessment tools to quantify structural degradation under multi-stage seismic excitations.

Soil-Structure Interaction and Fragility Analysis: Improved understanding of SSI effects through numerical and experimental studies is refining our ability to predict how different soil conditions influence structural response. Fragility curves, enhanced by probabilistic methods and big data analytics, are enabling better risk assessment and resilience planning for seismic-prone regions.

Experimental and Analytical Approaches: Full-scale and scaled experimental investigations, including shake table tests and real-time hybrid simulations, are validating theoretical models and improving design guidelines. Analytical methods incorporating nonlinearity, degradation mechanisms, and post-earthquake residual capacity assessments contribute to more robust engineering strategies.



To bridge the gap between theory and practice, this special issue will bring together pioneering research that integrates numerical simulations, experimental findings, and analytical advancements. By fostering interdisciplinary collaboration among structural engineers, seismologists, and policymakers, this issue aims to provide actionable insights that enhance seismic resilience in built environments. The expected contributions will advance our collective understanding of how structures behave under complex seismic loading conditions, ultimately guiding the development of next-generation seismic design strategies that prioritize sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and human safety.



This special issue “Seismic Performance and Resilience: From Foreshock–Mainshock–Aftershock Dynamics to Advanced Structural Insights” aims to bring together high-quality research that addresses the multifaceted challenges of seismic resilience in structures. The focus is on understanding the impact of foreshock–mainshock–aftershock (FMA) sequences on buildings and infrastructure, improving seismic design methodologies, and developing innovative numerical, analytical, and experimental solutions. We encourage contributions that explore theoretical advancements, computational modeling, experimental validation, and practical applications in the field of earthquake engineering. The scope of this issue encompasses, but is not limited to, the following key themes:

Foreshock–Mainshock–Aftershock Sequences: Influence of FMA sequences on structural degradation and collapse mechanisms, multi-event earthquake simulations and progressive damage modeling, Empirical and analytical studies on seismic energy dissipation across multiple shocks.

Seismic Behavior of Structures: Response of tall buildings, low-ductility frames, and irregular structures to seismic loads, performance-based seismic design (PBSD) methodologies for multi-event scenarios, the role of hybrid materials and energy-dissipating components in seismic resilience.

Damage Indices and Fragility Analysis: Development of new damage indices for better structural performance assessment, fragility curve modeling for multi-stage seismic loading, probabilistic approaches for earthquake risk assessment, and structural reliability.

Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI) and Foundation Dynamics: Influence of soil properties on seismic performance under successive earthquake sequences, experimental and numerical studies on deep foundations, base isolations, and damping systems, machine learning applications in SSI modeling and risk prediction.

Numerical Methods and Advanced Computational Approaches: Application of Generalized Differential Quadrature Method (GDQM), Finite Element Analysis (FEA), and other numerical techniques, AI-driven seismic modeling and predictive analytics for structural resilience, Simulation of progressive collapse mechanisms in multi-shock earthquake events.

Experimental and Real-World Applications: Shake table tests, hybrid simulations, and full-scale experiments on seismic performance, case studies of past earthquakes and lessons learned for future design improvements, and validation of theoretical models with real-world structural response data.



We welcome a diverse range of manuscripts, including:

Original Research Articles: Presenting novel theoretical, computational, or experimental findings in seismic performance and resilience.

Review Articles: Providing comprehensive insights into recent advances, methodologies, and challenges in earthquake engineering.

Case Studies: Documenting real-world applications of seismic design and lessons learned from past earthquake events.



By addressing these themes, this special issue aims to bridge the gap between theory and practice, contributing to the advancement of earthquake-resistant design and risk mitigation strategies.