Translational Immunology in End Stage Liver Diseases

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Background

End-stage liver disease (ESLD) is a life-threatening clinical syndrome that markedly increases mortality, especially in patients with complications such as bacterial or fungal infection, ascites, gastrointestinal bleeding, hepatorenal syndrome, sarcopenia, etc. The immune defects of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), compensated anti-inflammatory response syndrome (CARS), and mixed antagonist response syndrome (MARS) play key roles in the aggravation of ESLD. The ESLD-associated cascade of inflammatory cytokine storms, such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-8, IL-1α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), monocyte chemotactic protein 1, and interferon-γ, promote the occurrence of infection. Understanding innate and adaptive immune roles during ESLD development would facilitate significant amelioration of disease mortality.

Recently, various therapeutic approaches by immune regulation have been established and show competent efficacy, such as thymosin α, glucocorticoid, and microbiota transplantation. Meanwhile, immune tolerance and inhibition are critical in ESLD patients with liver transplantation which need to be well addressed.

In this Research Topic, we aim to unravel the underlying mechanisms through which the immune system interacts with hepadnaviruses or alcohol. This involves exploring the impact of these factors on immune cell function, cytokine signaling, immune regulation, and epigenetic modifications. Investigate the link between liver injury factors, immune dysfunction, and disease outcomes across a range of conditions, including bacterial or fungal infection, ascites, gastrointestinal bleeding, hepatorenal syndrome, sarcopenia, etc. Also, we would like to identify the potential therapeutic approaches and underlying mechanisms that ameliorate disease progression.

This Research Topic encompasses a broad range of factors and their interactions with the immune system in the context of ESLD development and progression. We welcome Original Research articles, Comments, Reviews/ Mini-Reviews, Systematic Reviews, Short Reports, or any other format covering, but not limited to, the following subtopics:
1. Investigate specific factors leading to ESLD progression (e.g. hepadnaviruses, alcohol, autoimmune, fatty liver) and their potential impact on immune responses.
2. Elucidate the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms through which complications of ESLD developed, such as bacterial or fungal infection, ascites, gastrointestinal bleeding, hepatorenal syndrome, and sarcopenia.
3. Investigate the role and influence of microbiome on immune responses and diseases.
4. Develop preventive and diagnostic strategies by immune insight in ESLD and associated complications.
5. Assess the experimental treatment and underline mechanism according to immune dysfunction or regulation in ESLD, associated complications, and liver transplantation.

Keywords: End Stage Liver Disease, Molecular Mechanism, Inflammatory Response

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