About this Research Topic

Background

The possibility of inducing or suppressing the expression of specific genes with the targeted delivery of DNA or RNA molecules has developed in the last years into clinical approaches of gene therapy, to target the genetic component of various diseases, and most recently into new vaccination strategies for COVID-19. A major hurdle in the success of nucleic acid (NA) therapies or vaccines is their delivery to immune and non-immune cells. Naked, non-modified DNA and RNA molecules are inefficiently cross biological membranes, undergo rapid degradation and clearance, and may induce uncontrolled immune/inflammatory responses. To optimize efficacy and minimize side effects, recent research has focused on improving the design and delivery systems for NAs. A special focus on targeting immune cells is warranted in the case of vaccination, in order to shuttle the antigen-coding NAs to cells that will be able to synthesize, process, and present the antigen thereby triggering an optimally protective immune response. Likewise, the precise targeting of tumor-associated immune cells would allow for reprogramming of downregulated/blocked immune responses towards an efficient specific and innate anti-tumor immunotherapy.

NA delivery is mostly performed with viral vectors, highly efficient but with problems of immunogenicity and specificity of targeting. Among non-viral systems, Lipid Nanoparticles (LNPs) are currently the lead delivery systems for NA-based vaccines and therapeutics, whereas the recent development of NA nanoparticles (NANPs) has shown potential in enabling a regulated immunostimulation and delivery of scaffolded antigens. Major issues for NANPs and any old or new delivery systems are the efficient targeting of the specific cells, the efficiency of intracellular delivery, the capacity of escaping recognition by NA-specific pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as TLRs, NLRs, RIG-I, thereby preventing the activation of uncontrolled inflammatory responses.

In this Research Topic, we aim to provide an update on the development of innovative systems to deliver NAs to immune and non-immune cells. The Research Topic will cover the improvement of delivery systems to increase uptake by cells, reduce NA degradation, and control unwanted immunostimulation; the NA delivery for the treatment of various pathologies, including cancer, and for vaccination. Also, it is of particular interest to explore ways of NA delivery that can drive immune responses towards enhanced activity (e.g., in the case of cancer) or towards tolerance (e.g., in the case of autoimmune diseases).

The Topic will also discuss the current Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved delivery systems highlighted the success and failure of advanced TNA platforms, considering their commercialization potential.

We welcome the submission of Original Research, Review, and Mini Review, Methods, Clinical Trial articles covering, but not limited to, the following sub-topics:

- Development of novel carriers to deliver nucleic acids to immune and non-immune cells
- Design and formulation of delivery systems aiming at limiting NA recognition by PRRs and the ensuing unwanted immune/inflammatory responses
- Optimization of NA delivery systems and administration routes to enhance beneficial immunostimulation and immunogenicity or induce tolerance
- Improvement of delivery systems to increase uptake up by immune and non-immune cells and control NA stability and degradation
- Use of NAs as vaccines and for cancer/autoimmunity immunotherapy
- Use of novel technologies to improve the efficacy of NA delivery systems

Keywords: DNA, RNA, Nucleic Acids, NA, nucleic acid delivery, nucleic acid-based therapeutics, Lipid Nanoparticles, Nucleic acid nanoparticles, NANPs, Therapeutic Nucleic Acid, TNA, nanocarrier, vaccine, vaccine adjunct, cancer immunotherapy

Important note: All contributions to this Research Topic must be within the scope of the section and journal to which they are submitted, as defined in their mission statements. Frontiers reserves the right to guide an out-of-scope manuscript to a more suitable section or journal at any stage of peer review.

Frequently asked questions

• What is a Research Topic?

  Frontiers' Research Topics are collaborative hubs built around an emerging theme.Defined, managed, and led by renowned researchers, they bring communities together around a shared area of interest to stimulate collaboration and innovation.

  Unlike section journals, which serve established specialty communities, Research Topics are pioneer hubs, responding to the evolving scientific landscape and catering to new communities.

• Why does Frontiers publish Research Topics? 

  The goal of Frontiers' publishing program is to empower research communities to actively steer the course of scientific publishing. Our program was implemented as a three-part unit with fixed field journals, flexible specialty sections, and dynamically emerging Research Topics, connecting communities of different sizes and maturity.

  Research Topics originate from the scientific community. Many of our Research Topics are suggested by existing editorial board members who have identified critical challenges or areas of interest in their field.

• Why are Research Topics important for journals?

  As an editor, Research Topics will help you build your journal, as well as your community, around emerging, cutting-edge research. As research trailblazers, Research Topics attract high-quality submissions from leading experts all over the world.

  A thriving Research Topic can potentially evolve into a new specialty section if there is sustained interest and a growing community around it.

• How do we ensure the quality of articles within Research Topics?

  Each Research Topic must be approved by the specialty chief editor, and it falls under the editorial oversight of our editorial boards, supported by our in-house research integrity team. The same standards and rigorous peer review processes apply to articles published as part of a Research Topic as for any other article we publish.

  In 2023, 80% of the Research Topics we published were edited or co-edited by our editorial board members, who are already familiar with their journal's scope, ethos, and publishing model. All other topics are guest edited by leaders in their field, each vetted and formally approved by the specialty chief editor.

• What are the benefits of publishing my article in a Research Topic?

  Publishing your article within a Research Topic with other related articles increases its discoverability and visibility, which can lead to more views, downloads, and citations. Research Topics grow dynamically as more published articles are added, causing frequent revisiting, and further visibility.

  As Research Topics are multidisciplinary, they are cross-listed in several fields and section journals – increasing your reach even more and giving you the chance to expand your network and collaborate with researchers in different fields, all focusing on expanding knowledge around the same important topic.

  Our larger Research Topics are also converted into ebooks and receive social media promotion from our digital marketing team.

   
• What types of articles can be published in a Research Topic?

  Frontiers offers multiple article types, but it will depend on the field and section journals in which the Research Topic will be featured. The available article types for a Research Topic will appear in the drop-down menu during the submission process.

  Check available article types here 

• Can I suggest a new Research Topic? 

  Yes, we would love to hear your ideas for a topic. Most of our Research Topics are community-led and suggested by researchers in the field. Our in-house editorial team will contact you to talk about your idea and whether you’d like to edit the topic. If you’re an early-stage researcher, we will offer you the opportunity to coordinate your topic, with the support of a senior researcher as the topic editor. 

  Suggest your topic here 

• Who leads a Research Topic? 

  A team of guest editors (called topic editors) lead their Research Topic. This editorial team oversees the entire process, from the initial topic proposal to calls for participation, the peer review, and final publications.

  The team may also include topic coordinators, who help the topic editors send calls for participation, liaise with topic editors on abstracts, and support contributing authors. In some cases, they can also be assigned as reviewers.

• What is the role of a topic editor?

  As a topic editor (TE), you will take the lead on all editorial decisions for the Research Topic, starting with defining its scope. This allows you to curate research around a topic that interests you, bring together different perspectives from leading researchers across different fields and shape the future of your field. 

   

  You will choose your team of co-editors, curate a list of potential authors, send calls for participation and oversee the peer review process, accepting or recommending rejection for each manuscript submitted.

• What support will I receive when editing a new Research Topic? 

  As a topic editor, you're supported at every stage by our in-house team. You will be assigned a single point of contact to help you on both editorial and technical matters. Your topic is managed through our user-friendly online platform, and the peer review process is supported by our industry-first AI review assistant (AIRA).

• As a junior researcher, can I be involved in editing a Research Topic? 

  If you’re an early-stage researcher, we will offer you the opportunity to coordinate your topic, with the support of a senior researcher as the topic editor. This provides you with valuable editorial experience, improving your ability to critically evaluate research articles and enhancing your understanding of the quality standards and requirements for scientific publishing, as well as the opportunity to discover new research in your field, and expand your professional network.

• Can I get a certificate for editing a Research Topic?

  Yes, certificates can be issued on request. We are happy to provide a certificate for your contribution to editing a successful Research Topic.

• Who will I collaborate with?

  Research Topics thrive on collaboration and their multi-disciplinary approach around emerging, cutting-edge themes, attract leading researchers from all over the world.

• How long does it take to publish a Research Topic?

  As a topic editor, you can set the timeline for your Research Topic, and we will work with you at your pace. Typically, Research Topics are online and open for submissions within a few weeks and remain open for participation for 6 – 12 months. Individual articles within a Research Topic are published as soon as they are ready.

  Find out more about our Research Topics

• What fee support is available to authors publishing in a Research Topic?

  Our fee support program ensures that all articles that pass peer review, including those published in Research Topics, can benefit from open access – regardless of the author's field or funding situation.

  Authors and institutions with insufficient funding can apply for a discount on their publishing fees. A fee support application form is available on our website.

• Will there be a printed version of my Research Topic?

  In line with our mission to promote healthy lives on a healthy planet, we do not provide printed materials. All our articles and ebooks are available under a CC-BY license, so you can share and print copies.