Epidemiology of Atypical Demyelinating Diseases

  • 33k

    Total downloads

  • 138k

    Total views and downloads

Download PDFDownload EPUB

Submit your idea

You will be redirected to our submission process.

Submit your manuscript summarySubmit your manuscript

About this Research Topic

Submission closed

Background

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) of autoimmune origin. Focal demyelination of the brain, spinal cord and optic nerves leads to progressive loss of neuronal and axonal integrity and thus disability. Some patients with MS may have atypical demographics or presentation, both clinical and radiological may have atypical features.

It is now well recognized that not all demyelinating diseases are the same. Some patients who were previously labelled as “opticospinal MS” are now known to have a different disease mediated by Aquaporin4 (AQP4) antibodies, called neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). Recently a further sub-group of patients with both monophasic and relapsing disease has been recognized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies. This condition, like AQP4 disease, is phenotypically distinct from MS.

Classification of these demyelinating conditions has been predicated on advances in immunologic assays. However, the classification of other atypical demyelinating diseases has been based on clinical and radiological features with some overlapping manifestations. Consequently, accurate diagnosis can be complex and long-term follow-up may be required for clarifying the diagnosis. In patients with non-MS phenotypes who are negative for the known autoantibodies, other inflammatory (e.g systemic inflammation) or non-inflammatory (e.g inherited white matter disorders) etiologies should be considered. The proportion of all demyelinating diseases represented by atypical variants differs among populations, with a larger share of atypical variants seen in pediatrics and certain non-Caucasian geographic regions, for example NMOSD in East and South Asia.

Molecular autoantibody diagnosis has not only led to refined diagnostic algorithms but has also transformed estimates of the prevalence of these diseases and appropriate resource allocation. Demographic characteristics like age, sex, and ethnicity play an important role in determining risk factors and may affect prognosis. For example, some studies have shown that relapse types and recovery vary substantially in NMOSD by age and ethnic background. Knowledge of these risk factors can assist with diagnosis and treatment decision-making, particularly as new treatments become available.

Finally, atypical demyelinating diseases are acquired illnesses, presumably triggered by environmental exposure on a background of genetic vulnerability. Environmental factors that may contribute to demyelinating diseases include smoking, vitamin D status and sun exposure, obesity, infections, and vaccination. There may be environmental factors unique to certain disorders, for example the suggestion made in a recent finding that a Clostridium species was overrepresented in the gut microbiota of NMOSD subjects. Genetic risk factors and gene-environment interactions require further study, ideally using multi-national cohorts with a wide representation of haplotypes.

In this Research Topic, we welcome original research, review papers, case reports and viewpoint pieces concerning the epidemiology of atypical demyelinating diseases. These include NMOSD, MOG antibody disease, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis, tumefactive demyelinating disease, and Balo’s concentric sclerosis. Any of the following manuscript types would be welcome:
- Prevalence and incidence studies;
- Natural history studies;
- Studies of environmental risk factors;
- Genetic studies;
- Studies of prognostic factors;
- Studies of co-morbid conditions.

Keywords: Multiple Sclerosis, NMOSD, MOG, ADEM, Aquaporin-4

Important note: All contributions to this Research Topic must be within the scope of the section and journal to which they are submitted, as defined in their mission statements. Frontiers reserves the right to guide an out-of-scope manuscript to a more suitable section or journal at any stage of peer review.

Topic editors

Frequently asked questions

  • Frontiers' Research Topics are collaborative hubs built around an emerging theme.Defined, managed, and led by renowned researchers, they bring communities together around a shared area of interest to stimulate collaboration and innovation.

    Unlike section journals, which serve established specialty communities, Research Topics are pioneer hubs, responding to the evolving scientific landscape and catering to new communities.

  • The goal of Frontiers' publishing program is to empower research communities to actively steer the course of scientific publishing. Our program was implemented as a three-part unit with fixed field journals, flexible specialty sections, and dynamically emerging Research Topics, connecting communities of different sizes and maturity.

    Research Topics originate from the scientific community. Many of our Research Topics are suggested by existing editorial board members who have identified critical challenges or areas of interest in their field.

  • As an editor, Research Topics will help you build your journal, as well as your community, around emerging, cutting-edge research. As research trailblazers, Research Topics attract high-quality submissions from leading experts all over the world.

    A thriving Research Topic can potentially evolve into a new specialty section if there is sustained interest and a growing community around it.

  • Each Research Topic must be approved by the specialty chief editor, and it falls under the editorial oversight of our editorial boards, supported by our in-house research integrity team. The same standards and rigorous peer review processes apply to articles published as part of a Research Topic as for any other article we publish.

    In 2023, 80% of the Research Topics we published were edited or co-edited by our editorial board members, who are already familiar with their journal's scope, ethos, and publishing model. All other topics are guest edited by leaders in their field, each vetted and formally approved by the specialty chief editor.

  • Publishing your article within a Research Topic with other related articles increases its discoverability and visibility, which can lead to more views, downloads, and citations. Research Topics grow dynamically as more published articles are added, causing frequent revisiting, and further visibility.

    As Research Topics are multidisciplinary, they are cross-listed in several fields and section journals – increasing your reach even more and giving you the chance to expand your network and collaborate with researchers in different fields, all focusing on expanding knowledge around the same important topic.

    Our larger Research Topics are also converted into ebooks and receive social media promotion from our digital marketing team.

     

  • Frontiers offers multiple article types, but it will depend on the field and section journals in which the Research Topic will be featured. The available article types for a Research Topic will appear in the drop-down menu during the submission process.

    Check available article types here 

  • Yes, we would love to hear your ideas for a topic. Most of our Research Topics are community-led and suggested by researchers in the field. Our in-house editorial team will contact you to talk about your idea and whether you’d like to edit the topic. If you’re an early-stage researcher, we will offer you the opportunity to coordinate your topic, with the support of a senior researcher as the topic editor. 

    Suggest your topic here 

  • A team of guest editors (called topic editors) lead their Research Topic. This editorial team oversees the entire process, from the initial topic proposal to calls for participation, the peer review, and final publications.

    The team may also include topic coordinators, who help the topic editors send calls for participation, liaise with topic editors on abstracts, and support contributing authors. In some cases, they can also be assigned as reviewers.

  • As a topic editor (TE), you will take the lead on all editorial decisions for the Research Topic, starting with defining its scope. This allows you to curate research around a topic that interests you, bring together different perspectives from leading researchers across different fields and shape the future of your field. 

     

    You will choose your team of co-editors, curate a list of potential authors, send calls for participation and oversee the peer review process, accepting or recommending rejection for each manuscript submitted.

  • As a topic editor, you're supported at every stage by our in-house team. You will be assigned a single point of contact to help you on both editorial and technical matters. Your topic is managed through our user-friendly online platform, and the peer review process is supported by our industry-first AI review assistant (AIRA).

  • If you’re an early-stage researcher, we will offer you the opportunity to coordinate your topic, with the support of a senior researcher as the topic editor. This provides you with valuable editorial experience, improving your ability to critically evaluate research articles and enhancing your understanding of the quality standards and requirements for scientific publishing, as well as the opportunity to discover new research in your field, and expand your professional network.

  • Yes, certificates can be issued on request. We are happy to provide a certificate for your contribution to editing a successful Research Topic.

  • Research Topics thrive on collaboration and their multi-disciplinary approach around emerging, cutting-edge themes, attract leading researchers from all over the world.

  • As a topic editor, you can set the timeline for your Research Topic, and we will work with you at your pace. Typically, Research Topics are online and open for submissions within a few weeks and remain open for participation for 6 – 12 months. Individual articles within a Research Topic are published as soon as they are ready.

    Find out more about our Research Topics

  • Our fee support program ensures that all articles that pass peer review, including those published in Research Topics, can benefit from open access – regardless of the author's field or funding situation.

    Authors and institutions with insufficient funding can apply for a discount on their publishing fees. A fee support application form is available on our website.

  • In line with our mission to promote healthy lives on a healthy planet, we do not provide printed materials. All our articles and ebooks are available under a CC-BY license, so you can share and print copies.

     

Impact

  • 138kTopic views
  • 100kArticle views
  • 33kArticle downloads
View impact