Menstrual cycle impact and barriers for football and futsal performance of Portuguese players -a survey-based cross-sectional study

Cristiana Santos ^1* Mário Lopes ² João Brito ³ Katrine Okholm Kryger ⁴ Carolina Wilke ⁴ Bruno Travassos ^1,3,5

• ¹ University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
• ² Institute of Biomedicine, School of Health, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
• ³ Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
• ⁴ School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary’s University, Twickenham, United Kingdom
• ⁵ Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal

The objective of this study was to investigate the perceived impact of the different phases of the menstrual cycle to football and futsal participation, and identify barriers that may limit performance and participation of Portuguese female players across competition levels. An online survey was conducted with the following inclusion criteria: registered participation in football or futsal in Portuguese official championships; age equal or superior to 18; and perceived regular menstrual cycles. A total of 197 answers were obtained and analysed. Most participants were 18-25 years old (61%) and 59% played futsal. Top-tier league players represented 15% of respondents, mid-tier 26% and low-tier 59%. For most respondents, the first three days of menstruation were perceived as having the most negative impact (66%), with abdominal pain, bloating, and breast tenderness being the most common symptoms.Players also associated the menstrual phase with decreased performance (endurance and power) and self-confidence, whereas they generally felt more confident and motivated during ovulation. No significant differences were found between sports (football and futsal) or competition levels in the perceived impact on performance and participation (p>0,05).Overall, 53% of the players reported perceived lack of knowledge and trust in their coach and other staff members to talk openly about menstrual health. The most cited external barrier to sports participation was the fear of leaking. To address the challenges identified five intervention levels were proposed: communication, comprehension, education, equipment and facilities. These findings emphasize the need for better communication, education, and structural support to reduce menstruation-related barriers.