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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Psychol.
Sec. Psychology of Language
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1572727
Gender and Multilingual Bias in Observations of Children with a Developmental Language Disorder
Provisionally accepted
Jitske de Vries1*
Max van der Velde1
Bernard Veldkamp1
Britt Hakvoort2Ebbo Bulder3Aafke Essen3
Kim Schildkamp1- 1University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
- 2Auris, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- 3Oberon, Utrecht, Netherlands
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AbstractPurpose. The aim of our study was to clarify DLD characteristics specific to boys and girls and monolingual and multilingual children, including the detection of possible bias in observations made by speech-language therapists. Method. We used text-mining techniques on existing individual treatment plans for children diagnosed with DLD (N = 994) written by speech-language therapists. Specific analyses included analyses of unigrams, bigrams, and trigrams within lines (N = 9092) of individual treatment plans, followed by sentiment analyses of these unigrams, bigrams, and trigrams. Results. Not only were girls described with more negative words but the focus of the identified DLD characteristics also differed. Boys were described more in terms of tasks and girls in terms of personal characteristics, specifically hearing problems. Multilingual children were described far more negatively by their speech-language therapists than monolingual children, combined with what appeared to be a somewhat stronger focus on vocabulary in observations.Conclusion. The found differences can be due either to bias or actual differences in characteristics between these groups. Screening procedures should be adapted to detect these children earlier, and speech-language therapists should be made aware of the differences in their observations of girls and multilingual children with DLD to avoid bias.
Keywords: developmental language disorder, gender, Multilingualism, Bias, text mining
Received: 07 Feb 2025; Accepted: 11 Apr 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 de Vries, van der Velde, Veldkamp, Hakvoort, Bulder, Essen and Schildkamp. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Jitske de Vries, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
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