A scoping review of empirical research on executive functions and game intelligence in soccer

Jan Arvid Haugan ^1* Kathrine Lervold ¹ Hilde Kaalvik ² FRODE MOEN ³

• ¹ Department of Teacher Education, NTNU, Trondheim, Sør-Trøndelag, Norway
• ² Statped, TRONDHEIM, Norway
• ³ Department of Education and Lifelong Learning, NTNU, Trondheim, Sør-Trøndelag, Norway

This scoping review aims to synthesize empirical research on the relationship between executive functions and game intelligence in adult elite soccer players. Executive functions (EFs), including working memory, cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, and planning, are crucial cognitive processes that support adaptive decision-making in complex, dynamic environments such as elite soccer. Through systematic searches conducted in six major databases-Scopus, Web of Science, SportDiscus, PubMed, PsycInfo, and ERIC-15 peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2023 were identified and analyzed. The results indicate that EFs are closely linked to players' ability to process game situations, anticipate actions, and execute strategic decisions under pressure. Furthermore, evidence suggests potential differences in cognitive demands across playing positions, as well as promising, though limited, findings on the trainability of EFs through perceptual-cognitive interventions. However, the reviewed studies demonstrate considerable methodological heterogeneity, particularly in the operationalization of both EFs and game intelligence, which complicates cross-study comparisons. Based on these findings, the review highlights the need for more standardized research designs, longitudinal studies, and integrated frameworks that consider both cognitive and personality factors in understanding elite soccer performance.