Rosario Montirosso ^1* Serena Micheletti ² Camilla Pisoni ³ Eleonora Mascheroni ¹ Elisa Scarano ^2,4 Cecilia Naboni ⁵ Elisa Rosa ¹ Annalisa Castagna ¹ Margherita Bonino ⁶ ELISA MARIA FAZZI ^2,4 Simona Orcesi ^5,7

• ¹ 0-3 Center for the at-Risk Infant, Eugenio Medea (IRCCS), Bosisio Parini, Italy
• ² Unit of Child and Adolescence Neuropsychiatry, Civil Hospital of Brescia, Brescia, Lombardy, Italy
• ³ Neonatal Unit and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, San Matteo Hospital Foundation (IRCCS), Pavia, Lombardy, Italy
• ⁴ Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Lombardy, Italy
• ⁵ Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Lombardy, Italy
• ⁶ Neuropsychiatry & Neurorehabilitation Unit, Eugenio Medea (IRCCS), Bosisio Parini, Italy
• ⁷ Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Neurological Institute Foundation Casimiro Mondino (IRCCS), Pavia, Lombardy, Italy

Introduction: Children with neurodevelopmental disabilities (ND) display several developmental impairments across various domains that impact parent-child interactions, emphasizing the need for effective early interventions. This multi-centric study aimed to evaluate the impact of Video-Feedback intervention (VFI) on enhancing socio-emotional skills (i.e., engagement and emotionality) in children with ND during during normal or stressful interactions (i.e., the Face-to-Face Still-Face (, [FFSF)]) paradigm. Methods: Using aA single-cohort design with pre--(T0) and post--(T1) intervention assessmentsassessment was used to evaluate 37 mother-child dyads with ND from three Units based in Northern Italy participated.. The children, aged between 6 and 24 months, had a diagnosis of ND, including psychomotor delay (n = 26) and cerebral palsy (n = 5). The VFI was administered over six weeks, with each session focusing on improving parent's developmental supporting behaviours and enhancing the quality of parent-child interactions. Child behaviours were assessed during the FFSF for engagement and emotionality usingUsing the Global Rating Scale coding system (GRS; Fiori-Cowley et al., 2000),) child behaviours (engagement and emotionality) and later analysed using repeated-measures ANOVA.maternal behaviour (sensitivity) were assessed during the FFSF. Results: ResultsANOVAs indicated significant improvement post VFI-intervention in child engagement in the Reunion episode, with an increase in mother-directed gaze communicative gestures and positive vocalization. Paired sample t-test revealed that mother's sensitivity significantly improves between T0 and T1 during the Reunion phase. Moreover, a higher increase in sensitive maternal behavior during the Reunion phase was associated with greater child engagement at T1 during the Reunion episode. No significant changes post VFI-intervention were observed in child emotionality. Conclusions: The VFI effectively enhanced child engagementsocio-emotional skills and maternal sensitivity during parent-child interactions, particularly in recovering from interactive disruptions.