Ettore Ambrosini ¹ Silvia Benavides-Varela ¹ Antonino Visalli ² Giada Viviani ¹ Maria Montefinese ^1*

• ¹ University of Padua, Padua, Veneto, Italy
• ² San Camillo Hospital (IRCCS), Venice, Veneto, Italy

This meta-analysis investigates the role of specific brain regions in semantic control processes using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS). According to the Controlled Semantic Cognition framework, control processes help manage the contextually appropriate retrieval of semantic information by activating a distributed neural network, including the inferior frontal gyrus, the posterior middle temporal gyrus, and inferior parietal lobule. Lesions in these areas can lead to difficulties in manipulating weakly activated or competing semantic information. Researchers have used TMS to simulate such deficits in healthy individuals. By synthesizing results from TMS studies that targeted these regions, we aimed to evaluate whether neurostimulation over these areas can effectively impair participants' performance under high semantic control demands. Results from different meta-analytical approaches consistently showed no significant effects of TMS, especially after correcting for publication bias. Nevertheless, variability in experimental methodologies was evident. These findings raise questions about the effectiveness of TMS in simulating deficits in semantic control and highlight the need for methodological improvements in future studies to enhance reliability and interpretability.