Zhe Zhao1*
Yali Kou2- 1Department of Physical Education, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Republic of Korea
- 2School of Marxism, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, Henan, China
Introduction: The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of short video addiction on college students' sleep quality and to elucidate the mechanism underlying this relationship. Thus, we examined the correlation between short video addiction and sleep quality and analyzed the roles of physical activity and procrastination.
Methods: The Short Video Addiction Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Aitken Procrastination Inventory, and Physical Activity Rating Scale were administered to 337 college students. Data were analyzed using SPSS 27.0. Pearson's correlation analysis and mediation analysis using the bootstrapping test were performed for the standard method bias test.
Results: (1) Overall, 25.2% of college students had problems with sleep quality (indicated by a PSQI score ≥ 8). (2) Short video addiction score is positively correlated with college students' sleep quality score; procrastination score was positively associated with both short video addiction score and sleep quality score, and physical activity score was negatively associated with them. (3) Short video addiction significantly positive predicted sleep quality (β = 0.458, P < 0.001), a significant negative predictive effect on physical exercise (β = −0.183, P < 0.001), and a significant positive effect on procrastination behavior (β = 0.246, P < 0.001). After physical exercise and procrastination behavior were entered into the regression equation, short video addiction and procrastination were significantly positive predictors of sleep quality, and physical activity was significantly negative predictor of sleep quality. (4) After accounting for the variables of age, gender, and grade, physical activity and procrastination behaviors independently mediated the association between short-video addiction and sleep quality. Physical activity and procrastination behavior acted as chain mediators in the association between short video addiction and sleep quality, with a chain mediation effect percentage of 1.04%. Short video addiction directly affects college students' sleep quality, indirectly through physical activity and procrastination behavior.
Introduction
Since short video platforms are growing so rapidly, short video applications are beginning to be fully integrated into the lives of college students. In China, the proportion of Internet users who engage with short videos is at 94% (China Internet Network Information Center, 2023). The main users of short video apps are college students; as of June 2022, a survey found that college students accounted for 47.7% of the 6,171 young users aged 18–23 years old who used the short video app TikTok (Mega Arithmetic, 2022). The ease of use and entertaining features of short video apps reinforce the tendency of college students to overuse them, making it challenging to suppress impulses. Despite experiencing negative consequences, young people still spend considerable time using these short video apps (Rathakrishnan et al., 2021). Short video apps enrich college student's lives, but short video addiction due to overuse is increasing (Pu et al., 2023). Short video addiction is a state of obsession in which individuals lose control of their short video behaviors by using them repetitively, thereby creating a persistent and strong sense of need and dependence that seriously affects their study and life and negatively impacts their mental health (Qin et al., 2019). This behavioral addiction can evolve from smartphone addiction. Several research studies have indicated a correlation between smartphone addiction and sleep quality, whereby an excessive reliance on smartphones is found to be connected with suboptimal sleep quality among college students (Zhou et al., 2019; Xie et al., 2020; Guo et al., 2023). Insufficient scholarly investigation exists regarding the inherent processes and moderating functions of short-video addiction in relation to the sleep quality. Studying the effects of short video addiction on college students' sleep quality not only expands the scope of research on factors affecting sleep quality at the theoretical level but also this study offers tangible scientific information that can assist college students in enhancing their sleep quality, specifically from the standpoint of media psychology.
Short video addiction and sleep quality
According to the uses and gratifications theory the satisfaction related to an individual's need to use a medium will motivate his or her continued use (Katz and Blumler, 1976), and short videos influence addiction by activating the user's perceived enjoyment (Tian et al., 2023). The use of smartphones, especially during sleep, is the most vital factor associated with sleep disruption (Aili et al., 2017; Dissing et al., 2022). It has been demonstrated that routine TikTok use is linked to cognitive arousal before bed, which causes poor sleep (Wang and Scherr, 2022). The use of various short video applications is one of the major causes of reduced sleep quality in the college population. Accordingly, this study proposed Hypothesis 1: Short video addiction among college students significantly predicts sleep quality.
The mediating role of physical activity
Physical activity is defined as an activity that increases energy in the body at the level of basal metabolism and refers to physical activity produced by the contraction of skeletal muscles. Studies have shown an important link between physical activity and sleep (Ghrouz et al., 2019). Physical activity can help individuals relieve stress, improving sleep quality (Zhai et al., 2021). A survey of a group of college students in China over three consecutive years found an association between physical activity and sleep (Semplonius and Willoughby, 2018). In addition, moderate physical activity facilitates sleep quality in young people (Wang and Boros, 2021). Studies of college students from different countries have found that most students with poor sleep quality lack physical activity (Mahfouz et al., 2020). Moreover, regular physical activity is necessary to improve sleep quality (Zhao et al., 2023). Physically inactive teenage students more inclined to have smartphone use problems (Pereira et al., 2020). Physical activity indirectly improves sleep quality through the bedtime delay of the short video application TikTok (Zhang X. et al., 2022). Based on the above studies on physical activity, short video addiction, and sleep quality, proposed Hypothesis 2: Physical activity mediates the relationship between short video addiction and sleep quality.
The mediating role of procrastination behavior
Procrastination behavior has been one of the major influencing factors that causes difficulties in college students' studies and lives. Procrastination is a behavior in which an individual voluntarily postpones action on a task that must be completed despite anticipating the negative consequences of the behavior (Tian, 2019). Previous studies have pointed out that procrastination leads to decreased sleep quality and is a positive predictor of sleep problems (Fuschia et al., 2015; Ma et al., 2022). In contrast, sleep problems negatively predict procrastination (Aneta et al., 2019). Research shows that bedtime procrastination severely impacts the timing and duration of a teen's sleep (Pu et al., 2022), and reducing bedtime procrastination can help college students improve their sleep quality, especially for those with a nocturnal sleep type (Zhu et al., 2023). Internet leisure negatively affects the amount and quality of sleep through bedtime procrastination (Meng and Anise, 2020), and smartphone addiction is significantly and positively associated with bedtime procrastination (Liu et al., 2021). Therefore, prolonged swiping short videos before bedtime will likely leads to enhanced sleep procrastination behaviors and decreased sleep quality. Hypothesis 3: Procrastination behavior mediates the relationship between short video addiction and sleep quality.
The chain intermediary role of physical activity and procrastination behavior
There is an essential link between physical activity and procrastination behavior. Generally, procrastination behavior is influenced by environmental and personal factors, while physical activity and short video addiction are behavioral factors. It has been found that procrastination is negatively related to physical activity (Tao et al., 2022). Procrastination affects college students' physical activity through time efficiency (Zhang Y. et al., 2022). Research on academic procrastination has shown that physical activity interventions reduce academic procrastination (Li et al., 2022), and physical activity influences their depressive symptoms through the mediation of academic procrastination (Yang et al., 2023). A survey of 510 general female college students in school found that a yoga activity intervention effectively improved depression and sleep quality levels (Zhang, 2022). Physical activity can affect mood (depression, etc.) and even sleep quality through the mediating effect of procrastination behavior. Therefore, Hypothesis 4: Physical activity and procrastination behavior mediate the relationship between short video addiction and sleep quality.
Materials and methods
Participants
This paper distributes electronic questionnaires to students attending a university in Henan Province, China. A total of 360 questionnaires were administered. The number of valid questionnaires obtained after eliminating invalid questionnaires was 337, thus yielding an effective recovery rate of 93.61%. The ages of the survey respondents ranged from 17 to 25 years old (M ± SD = 20.93 ± 1.68 years). There were 170 (50.4%) male students and 167 (49.6%) female students. A total of 62 (18.4%) students were freshman, 73 students (21.66%) were sophomore, 126 (37.39%) students were junior, and 76 (22.55%) students were senior. A total of 187 (55.5%) were physical education majors, and 150 (44.5%) were not physical education majors.
After obtaining consent from the subjects, the surveys were administered online and adhered to the rules of voluntary completion, confidentiality, and anonymity. The gender and grade level of the subjects were controlled. It took ~10–15 min to complete. All data were confidential.
Measures
Short Video Addiction Scale
This study used the Short Video Addiction Scale for College Students, which was developed by Qin (2020). This scale consists of 14 items covering four dimensions: withdrawal (five items), avoidance (three items), loss of control (four items), and inefficacy (two items). The internal consistency reliability coefficient is 0.91, and the Cronbach alpha coefficient of each dimension is also between 0.76 and 0.89. The Cronbach's alpha in this study was 0.94.
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was developed and revised by Buysse et al. (1989). It is used to assess the subject's sleep quality in the last month, with higher scores indicating poorer sleep quality. The scale comprises a total of 18 elements for self-assessment. Each item is summed to calculate the total score of the PSQI, and each individual item is evaluated using a scoring system that spans from 0 to 3 points. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient in this investigation was determined to be 0.80.
Physical Activity Rating Scale
The measurement of physical activity was conducted by the utilization of the Physical Activity Rating Scale (PARS-3), which was revised by Liang (1994). This scale assesses the amount of exercise across 3 aspects of physical activity: intensity, time, and frequency. Each aspect is scored on a 5 point scale (1–5 points). The Cronbach's alpha in this study was 0.76.
Aitken Procrastination Inventory
The Aitken Procrastination Inventory (API) is a 19-question self-report scale developed in 1982 to assess procrastination behavior (Aitken, 1982). A five-point scale is used for each item, and higher scores indicate more severe procrastination behavior. The internal consistency reliability coefficient was 0.82. In this investigation, the Cronbach's alpha was 0.94.
Statistical analyses
In the present investigation, Pearson correlation and Descriptive analyses of the total scores of the scale and its dimensions were conducted in this study using SPSS 27.0 and its plug-ins. Standard method bias of the data was examined using Harman's one-way test, yielding findings indicating that there were 20 factors with eigenvalues >1. The variation explained by the first factor was 21.29%, well-below critical value of 40%, indicating no standard severe method bias in this study.
Results
Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis of the research variables
The mean scores on the Short Video Addiction scale, PSQI, PARS-3, and API were 33.98 ± 13.53, 5.72 ± 3.14, 24.31 ± 24.24, and 51.6 ± 8.759, respectively. Based on the cutoff value for the PSQI of ≥8 (Liu et al., 1994), 25.2% (85 survey respondents) of college students in this survey have poor sleep quality. The correlations among all variables are shown in Table 1. Pearson correlation analysis showed that short video addiction score was positively correlated with sleep quality and procrastination behavior score and negatively correlated with physical activity score. The sleep quality score was negatively correlated with the physical activity score and positively correlated with the procrastination behavior score.
Table 1. The main variables and their correlation analysis.
Analysis of the mediating effect
The data were analyzed using SPSS 27.0 and Hayes' (2013) process macro. The utilization of Model 6 within the process macro was employed to test the mediating effects of physical activity and procrastination behavior on the relationship between short video addiction and sleep quality, using gender, age, and grade as control variables. The results (Table 2) showed that short video addiction positively predicted sleep quality (β = 0.458, P < 0.001), significantly and positively predicted procrastination behavior (β = 0.246, P < 0.001), and significantly negatively predicted physical activity (β = −0.183, P < 0.001). When both physical activity and procrastination behavior were entered into the regression equation, physical activity significantly negatively predicted sleep quality (β = −0.184, P < 0.001), procrastination behavior significantly positively predicted sleep quality (β = 0.125, P < 0.05), and short-video addiction (β = 0.389, P < 0.001) remained significantly positive.
Table 2. Regression analysis of variable relationships.
The results derived from the mediation analysis (see Table 3; Figure 1) showed that physical activity and procrastination behavior significantly mediated the relationship between short video addiction and sleep quality. The total mediating effect value is 0.016, which accounts for 15.07% of the overall effect of short video addiction on sleep quality (effect value 0.106). The mediating effects especially included three pathways' indirect impacts: indirect effect 1 from short video addiction → physical activity → sleep quality (effect value 0.008); indirect effect 2 from short video addiction → procrastination behavior → sleep quality pathway (effect value 0.007); and indirect effect 3 (effect value 0.001) from the short video addiction → physical activity → procrastination behavior → sleep quality pathway. Indirect effects 1, 2 and 3 accounted for 7.34, 6.69, and 1.04% of the total effect, respectively. The 95% confidence intervals for the above indirect effects did not include 0, indicating that all three indirect effects were significant.
Table 3. Test of chain-mediated model effect.
Figure 1. Mediation model of physical activity and procrastination behavior between short video addiction and sleep quality. *P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001.
Discussion
This research investigated the association between short video addiction and sleep quality among college students and examined the underlying mechanism. The findings suggest that short video addiction can affect sleep quality through the chain-mediated effects of physical activity and procrastination behavior. This provides theoretical support for improving sleep quality.
The influence mechanism of short video addiction on sleep quality
This study discovered a substantial predictive relationship between short video addiction and sleep quality. The higher the degree of short-video addiction among college students, the higher the sleep quality score and the worse the sleep quality. According to multiple earlier studies, short video addiction is a factor that significantly affects college students' ability to sleep (Cain and Gradisar, 2010; Hu et al., 2021). College students often use their cell phones to watch short videos before going to bed (Kroese et al., 2014), and the ease of use and entertainment features of short video apps reinforce the tendency of college students to overuse them, making it difficult to inhibit impulses and potentially increasing emotional exhaustion. The contemplation and emotional engagement triggered by smartphone use at night can cause users to lose sleep (Woods and Scott, 2016; Liu et al., 2017b), while electromagnetic radiation from electronic devices such as cell phones and LED lights suppresses melatonin and may further exacerbate bedtime delays (Andrew et al., 2006; Lemola et al., 2015). Therefore, short video addiction can lead to poorer sleep quality.
Mediating effect of physical activity
This study found that short video addiction can affect sleep quality through the separate mediation of physical activity. Physical activity can reduce short video addiction and improve sleep quality. Previous research have noted that physical activity positively affects sleep quality, particularly sleep depth, latency, and performance (Anita et al., 2016; Kristine et al., 2018). Related research in China have also found that physical activity significantly directly predicts adolescent sleep quality (Liu et al., 2017a). Engaging in active leisure activities with high-intensity and low-intensity activity results in significant benefits related to the quality of sleep (Passos et al., 2010; Chen et al., 2015). Increased physical activity, especially leisure-related activity, leads to th secretion of endorphins from the pituitary gland, thereby inhibiting addiction by competing for receptors with addictive substances in the central nervous system and inducing feelings of wellbeing (Jovic and Dindic, 2011). Therefore, when college students exhibit high levels of physical activity, they can inhibit the development of addictive behaviors and improve the sleep quality.
Mediating effect of procrastination behavior
Short video addiction can affect sleep quality via procrastination behavior. Negative emotions (e.g., anxiety) induced by mobile phone addiction are essential triggers of procrastination behavior (Jun, 2016); therefore, short video addiction among college students increases sleep procrastination, which in turn lowers the quality of their sleep (Dong, 2022). One of the most important consequences of media use on sleep is that it causes sleep to be both postponed and abbreviated (Van den Bulck, 2010). As more time is devoted to media, less time is devoted to other activities, including sleep. Short nighttime videos provide the most convenient medium for individuals' procrastination behavior, which leads to increasing procrastination and the negative emotions associated with individuals' procrastination behaviors, which directly affects their attitudes and behaviors and brings about sleep delays. Studies have shown that TikTok addicts are at a more significant disadvantage in terms of mental health (Chao et al., 2023); therefore, the more severe the addiction to short videos, the more pronounced the procrastination behaviors and the poorer quality of sleep will be.
The chain intermediary roles of college students' physical activity and procrastination behavior
This investigation discovered two independent mediators, i.e., physical activity and procrastination behavior, further affected sleep quality as follows: short video addiction → physical activity → procrastination behavior → sleep quality. This result suggests that college students' short-video addiction influences sleep quality via the chain mediating effects of physical activity and procrastination behavior. Regression analyses controlling for age, gender, and grade level revealed that short video addiction significantly predicted sleep quality, and the greater the extent of college students' addiction to short videos, the greater the likelihood that they would develop sleep disorders, which agrees with earlier research (Sebastian and Wang, 2021). The specific reason for this may be that immersive behaviors are enormously appealing to individuals, thus enabling people to engage in them for long periods (Jiao et al., 2023). Short videos generally have the effect of immersing people for a short period, and often, a video of 10 s can make people unconsciously engage in it. College students are the most sensitive group to the outside world's fresh information and active thinking. Short video applications easily influence them, so it is easy to impact the inherent sleep rhythm in the case of short video addiction. A survey of 839 college students found that “watching videos and playing games” was the main factor in college students' sleep delay, accounting for 21.81% (Li et al., 2023). College students with serious short video addiction are prone to neglect the surrounding environment and the completion of study tasks and participate in fewer physical activities, which is more likely to result in delayed behavior, sleep disorders, and poorer quality sleep.
Limitations and future directions
Although the study's hypotheses were validated, its research still has limitations. First, the study was cross-sectional, in which all information was collected at once and lacked a longitudinal follow-up study. Second, the design of the questionnaire needs to be improved, with insufficient consideration of other external variables; the questionnaire needs to be filled out in a standardized way, which biases the objectivity of the data. Therefore, further research should consider adding a longitudinal design or experimental intervention to the study, which could help establish causal relationships. Consider adding factors such as nationality, age groups, and other external variables such as Body Mass Index (BMI) and sedentary time. Enhance the accuracy and reliability of measurements by using more objective measurement devices for physical activity levels, sleep quality, and short video addiction. Deepen the exploration of relationships within related variables, such as the impact of increased and decreased physical activity on procrastination behavior. In future studies, we can expand the investigation of the long-term effects of video addiction on sleep quality and the role of physical activity and procrastination, explore interventions targeting physical activity or procrastination to mitigate the adverse effects of video addiction on sleep quality, and help college students improve their sleep quality more effectively.
Conclusion
The results of study indicate that short video addiction significantly predicts sleep quality among college students and that physical activity and procrastination behavior significantly mediate the relationship between short video addiction and sleep quality. This study further affirms the role and significance of physical activity in decreasing short video addiction and procrastination behavior and improving sleep quality. The study's results can help deepen college students' understanding of short video addiction, help them recognize the importance of physical activity, and assist in effectively improving their sleep quality. The study suggests that colleges and universities should consider the following recommendations: improve the culture of university athletics; foster a positive sports environment for college students; civilize their spirit and salvage their bodies; promote mass sports on campus; hold campus fitness runs; plan friendly basketball matches, calisthenics competitions and other activities; and provide more time and chances for college students to participate in healthy, physically and mentally nourishing sports. These activities can lead to improvements in the procrastination behaviors of college students, thereby effectively alleviating short video addiction and improving sleep quality.
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Ethics statement
Ethical review and approval was not required for the study on human participants in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. Written informed consent from the patients/participants or patients/participants legal guardian/next of kin was not required to participate in this study in accordance with the national legislation and the institutional requirements.
Author contributions
ZZ: Writing – original draft, Writin – review & editing. YK: Investigation, Writing – review & editing.
Funding
The author(s) declare that no financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's note
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Keywords: short video addiction, sleep quality, physical activity, procrastination behavior, college students
Citation: Zhao Z and Kou Y (2024) Effect of short video addiction on the sleep quality of college students: chain intermediary effects of physical activity and procrastination behavior. Front. Psychol. 14:1287735. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1287735
Received: 02 September 2023; Accepted: 26 December 2023;
Published: 11 January 2024.
Edited by:
Gang (Kevin) Han, Iowa State University, United StatesReviewed by:
M. Ramli, State University of Malang, IndonesiaGniewko Wiȩckiewicz, Medical University of Silesia, Poland
Copyright © 2024 Zhao and Kou. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Zhe Zhao, LYsky66@163.com