Laia Delfa-Lobato
Joan Guàrdia-Olmos
Maria Feliu-Torruella- 1Faculty of Geography and History, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- 2Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- 3Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- 4UB Institute of Complex Systems, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- 5Department of Applied Didactics, Faculty of Education, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- 6Institute of Research in Education (IRE), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Museums and cultural institutions are increasingly striving to respond to the interests and needs of the society that hosts them. This means, apart from other actions, that these institutions must be involved in the health and wellbeing of society, and the creation of cultural activities aimed at people with cognitive impairment, a group of individuals that is growing worldwide due to the aging of society and the increasing prevalence of dementia. The involved sectors are aware of the potential and benefits of activities for this population, even though there is much research to be conducted. To date, no systematic review has focused on the benefits of cultural activities for cognitively impaired people. This study aimed to explore the benefits of different modalities of cultural activities with evidence from 145 studies from various databases, which met the inclusion criteria. Significant improvements in general cognition, quality of life (QoL), emotional wellbeing, socialization, and communication were generally reported after interventions, with a reduction in depression symptoms. There was not enough evidence to prove memory, language, or daily functioning improvements attributable to cultural interventions. There were no significant reductions reported in apathy, sadness, agitation, or anxiety.
Introduction
In recent years, museums, cultural institutions, and the heritage sector, in general, have increasingly undergone substantial changes, seeking to remove the image of stigmatized or intimidating spaces to become spaces where individuals can find wellbeing and quality of life (QoL) (Camic and Chatterjee, 2013). This change of concept appears when these institutions become aware of the interests, and especially the needs, of the community that hosts them (Jung, 2011; Desmarais et al., 2018).
Museums are proving to be a powerful ally in health and wellbeing programs, responding to a global trend in which they are becoming aware of everything that is likely to contribute something positive to the health and wellbeing of the population (Camic and Chatterjee, 2013; Chatterjee and Camic, 2015).
Reliable proof of this involvement is the growing number of museums and institutions that have decided to create and carry out programs to benefit people affected by diseases, such as dementia of Alzheimer’s type (DAT) and cancer, among others (Camic and Chatterjee, 2013; Chatterjee and Camic, 2015; Thomson et al., 2018).
In recent years, the heritage and cultural sector have been of interest to researchers and governments considering this population in terms of public health and wellbeing (O’Neill, 2010; Cuypers et al., 2012). Nevertheless, there is still a lack of scientific evidence that solidly proves the effectiveness of cultural practices in terms of health and wellbeing (Ander et al., 2011).
Within the wide range of public health and wellbeing issues, there is one that, due to its scope and implications, deserves special attention and not only from the cultural and heritage sector. These are people living with cognitive impairment (CI), a growing group of individuals affected by dementia and other conditions (O’Brien et al., 2003).
Cognitive impairment is a broad medical issue, as it is a condition that presents concomitantly with various diseases (Health Direct, 2020). The U.S. Agency for Disease Control and Prevention defines CI as memory loss, difficulty remembering, concentrating, or learning new things, as well as a feeling of confusion that gets worse or reiterates more frequently, even affecting decision-making and activities of daily life. In a mild stage, the person with CI may continue to lead a normal life, despite noticing changes in some of the cognitive functions mentioned above. In more severe stages, people with CI may see their decision-making or assessment of situations and circumstances diminished, as well as actions such as writing or speaking, making them become dependent on others (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011). Contrary to appearances, CI is not always a permanent and chronic condition; CI can present different levels of impairment, as it can be mild, intermediate, or severe (Hugo and Ganguli, 2014; Health Direct, 2020).
The causes of CI are very diverse and can be responsible for temporary or irreversible CI (Jurado et al., 2013; Bernardo and Carvalho, 2020). Some of the causes of reversible CI may include mental illnesses, infectious diseases, vitamin deficiency, dehydration, toxins, or medication reactions. The main causes of irreversible CI are traumatic brain injury, Parkinson’s disease (PD), Friedreich ataxia, Huntington’s disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), cardiovascular accidents, multiple sclerosis, normal aging, and neurodegenerative diseases. Some of these causes do not always have to be associated with CI (Jurado et al., 2013; Health Direct, 2020). It is important to highlight dementias, which are the most common cause of CI, responsible for 60–70% of cases worldwide and the third most common disease worldwide (World Health Organization, 2021). DAT (O’Brien et al., 2003), which is the most common cause of dementia, is incurable, as there are other conditions and diseases responsible for CI (Jurado et al., 2013). The second leading cause of CI, vascular dementia, accounts for up to 30% of cases (O’Brien et al., 2003).
Another important fact is to consider the estimated numbers of people that experts predict will be diagnosed with DAT in the coming years. The WHO estimates that the current number of people with dementia to be 50 million, and that number is expected to reach 152 million by 2050 (World Health Organization, 2021).
In addition to those with DAT, there are many family members and friends affected by this disease. According to the Pasqual Maragall Foundation, 54% of the population is now directly in contact with individuals who have DAT (Fundació Pasqual Maragall, 2021).
In this context and due to the lack of systematic reviews (SRs) on this subject, the aim of this investigation was to locate and analyze studies based on cultural activities to evaluate their benefits for individuals with CI who participated, independent of the cause of their conditions. To conduct the review, PRISMA guidelines (Moher et al., 2009; Hutton et al., 2016) were followed.
Methods
Study Eligibility
The inclusion criteria for this SR included (1) published empirical studies about arts and cultural as health and wellbeing activities for people diagnosed with initial- or middle-stage CI; (2) studies in English, French, Spanish, or Catalan; (3) studies published between 2010 and 2020 to analyze the newest resources, considering the previous studies outdated; (4) studies centered on interventions adjusted for groups or delivered individually; (5) with active or passive engagement of the participants in art and cultural activities (i.e., the creation of something artistic or hearing, seeing, or touching artistic/cultural elements); (6) cultural activities taking place in a museum or with cultural equipment or not; (7) interventions oriented to CI diagnosed people, CI diagnosed people and their caregivers, and/or CI diagnosed people and their family members; (8) quantitative or qualitative study designs; and (9) that it was not necessary to include pre-tests and post-tests measures, and reports and could or not include a control group.
Population: people diagnosed with CI.
Intervention: cultural and art-based interventions corresponding to UNESCO’s culture definition and framed within the cultural industries model defined by UNESCO (1982) and Throsby (2008).
Comparators: not required. Both studies with control and without control groups were included, as well as studies with and without pre-test and post-test measures and reports.
Outcome: any measure or description of intervention results.
Study type: interventional clinical trials (ICTs), SR, meta-analysis (MA), or SR and MA.
Reports were excluded if (1) they were defined as dissertations, books, book chapters, or non-empirical studies; (2) studies were cultural activities that did not correspond to those suitable by UNESCO’s culture definition (UNESCO, 1982) and framed within the cultural industries model defined by Throsby (2008).
Search Strategy
To identify suitable papers for this review, a search was conducted in the databases Web of Science (WOS), SCOPUS, PubMed, and Medline. The search was restricted to 2010–2020.
The search was conducted in August 2020. Key search terms used were (muse* OR art OR “heritage site” OR “cultural engagement”). These key words were used in combination with the terms concerning CI (Alzheimer OR “CI” OR dement* OR “cognitive disfunction” OR “cognitive decline” OR “mild cognitive impairment”), using proximity Boolean search operators such as NEAR or W/n (n = 100) instead of AND when the database permitted it. To refine the search, artistic and cultural activity terms were included, as well as those concepts related to arts and health or art therapy as follows: (“arts and wellbeing” OR “arts and humanities” OR “arts and health” OR “reminiscence therapy” OR “art therapy” OR “dance therapy” OR “music therapy” OR “singing” OR “performing art” OR “theater” OR “cinema” OR “life story” OR “life review” OR “storytelling” OR “visual art” OR “creative art” OR “paint” OR “painting” OR “drawing” OR “collage” OR “pottery” OR “sculpture” OR “contemporary art” OR “art gallery” OR “photography”). For WOS and SCOPUS, the search was applied in all databases. A search procedure was built within the Medline database using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), the PICO (patient/population, intervention, comparison/control and outcomes) strategy was followed (Fernández-Altuna et al., 2016) to optimize and adapt the search question, and the search strategy was developed and used in the rest of the databases.
Data Extraction
Initially, data were extracted by one reviewer (LDL) using a data extraction form precisely designed by the three authors (LDL, JGO, and MFT) to cover these SR objectives. Later, a second reviewer (JGO) checked the data extraction to ensure accuracy. To settle the discrepancies, they were discussed between the three authors (LDL, JGO, and MFT). The data extraction form included the following information:
General: first author, publication year, and method.
Participants: Type of CI: Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, dementias, HD, mild CI, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, aging, and SR and MA. A “some CI types” option was included. Information about the age or mean age of participants; participation of “other participants,” such as family members, close friends, or informal caregivers was also included.
Intervention: individual or group format, number of participants, total duration, location, and time of day. Modality of intervention: music, performance arts, visual art, ceramics, storytelling, dance, literary arts, mixed, and in SR and MA. A “some modalities” option was included.
Outcomes: Cognition improved cognition generally, improved memory, and improved language. Motor function improved motor function generally. QoL and wellbeing generally improved QoL and improved emotional wellbeing and self-esteem. Behavioral symptoms reduced agitation and improved social interaction and communication. Psychological symptoms reduced depression, reduced anxiety, reduced apathy, and reduced sadness. Activities of daily living improved activities of daily living.
Search Outcome
A total of 1,075 documents were retrieved in the search, of which 328 were duplicates. A total of 747 records were screened by title and abstract, and 527 were removed because they did not meet the inclusion criteria. A total of 220 articles were full text screened, of which 145 studies met the inclusion criteria and were enrolled in the study (Supplementary Table 1). Among the 145 included studies, 30 were MA, SR, or SR and MA (20%), and 115 were ICT (80%). Of these, 38 were quantitative papers (26.20%), 42 were qualitative papers (28.96%), 17 were mixed-method papers (11.72%), 13 were comparative papers (both quantitative and qualitative) (8.97%), and 5 were papers based on individual interventions (3.45%) (Figure 1).
Figure 1. PRISMA flow chart of included studies.
Results
Participants
Cognitive Impairment Typologies
Most of the studies focused on people living with dementia, in general, including 68 studies. It can seem obvious as dementias overall include DAT and Lewy body dementia, meaning that this typology is the most general one found in this SR, being a generic group that involves different CI typologies.
Dementias overall is followed by DAT and PD, with 22 and 21 selected studies, respectively. These are two of the most common CI typologies, as a large number of people worldwide have these conditions. The prevalence of these conditions makes them more visible than other CI typologies, and therefore, more initiatives are centered on DAT or PD.
It is always important to emphasize that aging is also considered a CI cause, so we considered it as a CI typology. In this study, 14 articles were focused on elderly individuals.
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), which is very often a precursor to dementia, is another CI typology in the literature, with 11 studies focused on it in this study.
Almost trivially, two and one selected studies were focused on people with a diagnosis of HD and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, respectively. These two typologies of CI are less known among the general population.
Age of the Participants
When talking about the age of the intervention participants, it is important to specify that in this SR, ages have been classified as the commonly defined large age ranges (Urbanas et al., 2005).
None of the included studies worked with a group of participants whose mean age was under 60 years old. This means that all the studies were focused on older people.
Participant Characteristics
Group Size
Some included studies (Argyle and Kelly, 2015; Sauer et al., 2016; Kontos et al., 2017; Ford et al., 2018; Deygout, 2019; Fields et al., 2019; Schneider et al., 2019; Wyatt and Liggett, 2019) mentioned the group size as an important aspect to consider. Most of these articles also indicate the benefits of person-centered approaches, something that can be related to the obtained results described as follows.
Most of the studies (58) included interventions in groups of fewer than 20 people, including 28 groups between 6 and 10 people. Of these, 21 reported QoL and wellbeing-related outcomes. Additionally, 15 included studies that conducted an intervention with groups of 6–10 people that reported improvements in communication and socialization. These results can be related to the benefits of a person-centered approach, as the center of the intervention is the person itself, with his or her history, interests, rights, values, and beliefs. In addition, these interventions, as always, treated participants with dignity and respect and tried to maximize their potential by offering them opportunities to learn new things, to enjoy new moments, and to share these experiences with new people (Edvardsson et al., 2008). However, these benefits are only possible when the professionals who are performing the intervention can dedicate enough time to each participant. Thus, this is probably the reason that small intervention groups report better outcomes related to person-centered approaches.
Location and Time of Day
In most of the included studies, the implications of performing the intervention in one specific place or another, as well as the time of day when it was carried out were not examined, so results are inconclusive.
Nevertheless, one study that compared the results of an object handling intervention concluded that the intervention can have the same results regardless of where it takes place (Camic et al., 2019). These findings suggest that the benefits of cultural activities are not related to the location where they take place, as assessed in the referenced article. In this case, the intervention took place in a museum and in a daycare center, obtaining positive and similar results related to emotional wellbeing at both locations (Camic et al., 2019). Likewise, the time of day when the interventions take place, distinguishing between morning and afternoon, does not seem to affect results, as this was the conclusion of a 4-month study based on art therapy (Deygout, 2019).
Other Participants—Informal Caregivers
Some interventions were especially thoughtful and offered to both people with CI and their caregivers. This is important, as very often the person who takes on the caregiver role is a close family member or, in some cases, a close friend of the impaired person (Wancata et al., 2005; Brodaty and Donkin, 2009; Carey et al., 2016). This makes this type of intervention especially meaningful, as it can be beneficial not only for the patient but also for his or her caregiver. It is important to understand that lives of these people turn around the disease, and they no longer have the quality time together they used to have. This type of intervention can offer them the opportunity to enjoy time together again and to remember how pleasant it was (Camic et al., 2014; Mittelman and Papayannopoulou, 2018).
Moreover, interventions that involve not only CI people but also their caregivers can improve QoL for both of them (Mondro et al., 2020). It is important to expose that, very often, the person who adopts the informal caregiver role must face multiple obstacles, such as financial problems or the difficulty of balancing caregiving with a social life and a career (Brodaty and Donkin, 2009). Consequently, this can result in some physical and mental illnesses, such as depression, anxiety, and other mental health issues, cardiovascular problems, or lower immunity (Wancata et al., 2005; Brodaty and Donkin, 2009). This makes it even more important to provide interventions that include caregivers, as sometimes they seem to be the forgotten ones. One of the most important benefits these interventions afford the caregivers is the possibility to share their experiences with others in the same situation (Mondro et al., 2020), making them feel understood and less alone, as social isolation is one of the negative consequences caregivers experience. Additionally, these interventions sometimes caregivers techniques they can use in their daily lives, making their burden as caregivers more manageable (Mondro et al., 2020).
Modalities of the Interventions
Music
Notably, 28 studies reported music therapy as a modality in their investigations. Some of them included music therapy, as well as other modalities. There were mixed results regarding the type of CI interventions.
The most registered outcomes delivered by music therapy were improvements in general cognition, QoL, emotional wellbeing, or self-esteem and reductions in depression signs. It is important to add that although none of the ICTs included reported it, significant verbal and language fluency improvements were reported in three SRs (Schwartz et al., 2019; Fong et al., 2020; Lam et al., 2020).
Moreover, aphasia rarely appears in people with a diagnosis of CI due to the condition they are living with, as it affects some specific brain regions (Damasio, 1992). Nevertheless, music can be not only a therapeutic activity for this specific collective of CI people but also a way to communicate (Baird et al., 2017; Baird and Thompson, 2019). It has been documented that music cognition skills are preserved longer than language skills in people suffering from aphasia (Baird and Samson, 2015; Baird and Thompson, 2019), so music can be the perfect non-verbal form through which these people can communicate with their loved ones (Baird and Thompson, 2019). Additionally, in a specific case study, music brought to an informal caregiver of a person with DAT the opportunity to dance, and this provided them with physical contact and affection, something that sometimes is hard to find (Baird and Thompson, 2019). Nevertheless, even if the person with CI is not affected by aphasia, music or music combined with dance or theater can be a good way for people with CI to express themselves to others or share some memories with them (Dassa and Harel, 2019).
Performance Arts
Theater, as performing art, can be a useful tool to explore the deepest emotional, affective, and social parts of the human being (Fields et al., 2019). This type of intervention can provide socialization and communication as well as other outcomes related to emotional wellbeing. In this SR, seven studies mentioned performance arts.
Two types of intervention modalities should be distinguished: those in which people diagnosed with CI take an active role and those where they take a passive role. Among the selected articles, two specific ICTs (Kontos et al., 2017; Dassa and Harel, 2019) conducted interventions in which people with CI took an active role, and in both cases, the affective and emotional modes of expression and communication reached positive outcomes. Two other ICTs (Fields et al., 2019; Loewy et al., 2020) combined the passive and active roles of participants. In this case, it is interesting to note that in one intervention, caregivers were also involved (Loewy et al., 2020), and the emotional and affective relationship between them and those they cared for was reinforced.
Visual Arts
Both art appreciation and art making were the most performed interventions, with 74 people diagnosed with CI in the included studies. One of the reasons could be that art has always been a good way to communicate and express oneself; ancient philosophers already linked it with the life of the author and its way to express and communicate it (Wikström, 2005), which is sometimes harder for individuals with CI.
Two articles (Johnston and Terp, 2015; Couture et al., 2020) mention this type of therapy and what it offers to the person with CI and caregivers, often their partners. It must be assumed that when a partner in a couple is diagnosed with CI, it can be frustrating and disappointing for both partners, as their roles will change, communication will become more difficult, and shared pleasant moments will be harder to find (Johnston and Terp, 2015; Couture et al., 2020). Art can offer them a way to have quality time together and to share their thoughts and emotions (Couture et al., 2020) or create something together (García Cano, 2018; Mondro et al., 2020). The activity can help them regain a social life as they spend time with other people in a similar situation, making them feel understood and even finishing the intervention acting like a group of friends or becoming friends (García Cano, 2018). Additionally, visual arts, for individuals with CI, can be a powerful tool that they can use to express themselves, and it can help them fight against the idea of being a homogenous population, as they can share and tell their own stories through visual art and be understood as a communication facilitator (Peisah et al., 2011; Tucknott-Cohen and Ehresman, 2016; Hicks et al., 2019). The arguments above are directly linked with the obtained results, with facilitating socialization and communication being the most reported outcome. Furthermore, art therapy modality also reported outcomes such as general cognitive and memory improvements. Both QoL and emotional wellbeing were also reported as great outcomes, and some articles referred to a decrease in depression.
Ceramics
Two ICTs centered their interventions on pottery activities (Gontard et al., 2017; Pérez-Sáez et al., 2018). Both studies reported improvements in emotional wellbeing and self-esteem. It can be speculated that creating something artistic, as the participants of these two interventions did, could work well as a therapeutic activity focused on improving wellbeing and self-esteem in individuals with CI, as they can feel proud of themselves after being able to create something autonomously and after taking part in a significant activity (Pérez-Sáez et al., 2018).
Dance
Notably, 44 studies included dance therapy or combined some dance therapy with other modalities. Mixed results were reported on the effects of dance therapy oriented to individuals with CI; nevertheless, almost 50% percent of these studies emphasized improvements in motor function.
Active dance activities are often used with people with CI to improve their motor function (Guzmán-García et al., 2016, 2017). Overall, people with PD (Hashimoto et al., 2015; Clifford et al., 2017; De Natale et al., 2017; Albani et al., 2019) live with a chronic degenerative movement disorder that causes problems with motor function, although some non-motor symptoms are also associated with PD (Aguiar et al., 2016; Holmes and Hackney, 2017). This SR includes 21 dance-based studies conducted with people who had been diagnosed with PD.
Tango is one of the most commonly used dance styles with people diagnosed with PD in the selected articles when the objective was to improve motor function and QoL (Volpe et al., 2013; Rios Romenets et al., 2015; Albani et al., 2019). This could be related to the discovery of Hackney and Earhart (2010), who found that Tango, as a highly improvisational style, works better than other dance genres, such as ballroom dancing (Guzmán-García et al., 2013b), in improving motor function in general, and specifically, gait and balance, and it helps to improve QoL in people with PD. One of the reasons is that participants must be focused on the present moment, and they are not planning the complicated movements they are making (Hackney and Earhart, 2010; Koch et al., 2016). Some other studies also reinforce Hackney and Earhart’s findings related to the improvisational nature of Tango and the greatest improvements in people diagnosed with PD who participate in this genre of dance therapy, in comparison with dance therapy conducted through other genres of dance (Koch et al., 2016; Wiedenhofer et al., 2017).
QoL and emotional wellbeing and self-esteem are important outcomes reached through dance therapy (Guzmán-García et al., 2013a). Cognitive outcomes were also evident and important. These results are probably related to the cognitive demands of learning, for example, a new cerography or even simple steps, and thus, they have beneficial effects on the cognitive function of people with CI (Thogersen-Ntoumani et al., 2017). Some studies also reported improvements in social interaction and communication and a reduction in depressive symptoms.
Even though most of the dance therapy articles address dance as an active activity, viewing someone dancing also has benefits for individuals with CI. Viewing someone dancing can have almost the same benefits as listening to the music this person is dancing to, and so it is. However, the level or intensity of the benefits reached by only listening to the music is improved by listening to the music accompanied by the images of someone dancing to it (Cross et al., 2012).
Literary Arts
Three studies cited literary arts as one of the modalities explored in their research, although none of them centered their investigations exclusively on this practice, leading to inconclusive results.
Storytelling
Nine articles referred to storytelling. In this case, the results were concise, and improved emotional wellbeing and self-esteem, as well as social interaction and communication, were the main outcomes. These outcomes are related to a fact described in four of the selected articles, where participants found the space to reminisce about their lives, something that provided them with joy and happiness. Additionally, storytelling helped them socialize with others as they shared memories, even if it required making an effort (Loizeau et al., 2015; Swinnen and De Medeiros, 2018; Vigliotti et al., 2019).
Mixed
Nine ICTs reported on more than one type of intervention modality. The most frequently reported outcomes were those related to cognitive function, as well as psychological symptom improvements.
As previously stated, sometimes what is important about the results is not only the effect but also its intensity. In this study, this type of intervention must be considered, as some combinations of modalities can intensify an outcome to be reached through the intervention (Cross et al., 2012). It is important to have clear objectives and degrees of achievement and to have both in mind when planning the intervention.
Discussion
This SR suggests that cultural interventions can improve general cognition, QoL, emotional wellbeing, self-esteem, communication, and socialization of participants with CI, as well as alleviate depression symptoms. Less generally, a specific modality of cultural activity can also help by improving the motor function of participants. However, this study also reveals that cultural activities failed to improve some specific aspects of cognition, such as memory or verbal and language fluency and daily functioning, in addition to the general inability to reduce apathy, sadness, agitation, and anxiety.
The described benefits of culture-based interventions in improving general cognition can be based on the fact that this type of intervention works as a training program for the brains of participants, and it can reinforce their neuroplastic and cognitive flexibility (Young et al., 2015, 2016; Alain et al., 2019; Brown et al., 2020), as it is in line with previous reports on the potential benefits of cultural and art-based activities in improving cognition in older adults (Alain et al., 2019).
The ability of culture-based activities to improve the QoL, wellbeing, and self-esteem of people living with CI suggests that in general, for older people who have been retired and not working or studying for years, taking part in a project where they can learn or create things again evokes a sense of personal growth can increase their life satisfaction (Brown et al., 2020). For people diagnosed with CI in particular, the experience can make them feel capable again, which is a beneficial effect of cultural interventions (Beauchet and Launary, 2014; Camic et al., 2014, 2016; Loizeau et al., 2015; Mittelman and Papayannopoulou, 2018).
The observed gains in communication and socialization for participants in these cultural-based activities can be explained by two facts. The first is that when participating in group interventions, participants are with other people who are experiencing the same situation, so this can help them empathize and thus begin to socialize with the members of the intervention group. This, which may seem a natural human being behavior, can be a very important opportunity for people living with CI, as loneliness and a minimal and reduced social life are quite frequent among this population (Nikmat et al., 2015; Evans et al., 2018). The second reason is that many artistic modalities, such as plastic art and theater, can be useful communication tools to explore and express oneself (Wikström, 2005; Peisah et al., 2011; Tucknott-Cohen and Ehresman, 2016; Baird and Thompson, 2019; Fields et al., 2019; Hicks et al., 2019).
The findings that cultural-based activities help heal depression suggest that there is a scientific basis for the effectiveness of art-based interventions in reducing depression and other psychological symptoms (Stuckey and Nobel, 2010). Nevertheless, more clinical trial studies are needed to obtain well-founded conclusions.
Regarding the results linked to the improvements in motor function, it is important to say that most of the studies that reported this outcome was dance-based and was focused on people living with a disease such as PD, which causes, overall, problems with motor function (Hashimoto et al., 2015; Clifford et al., 2017; De Natale et al., 2017; Albani et al., 2019).
Moreover, dance style-based activities can also be important resources to adapt for ethnic and racial groups. For example, Salsa and Bachata are the two dance styles culturally appropriate to include in interventions for US Hispanic minorities involved in CI-oriented projects and may make these interventions more attractive for this population. It is an important consideration when trying to reduce disparities in the participation of minority populations (Aguiñaga and Marquez, 2017; Thogersen-Ntoumani et al., 2017). In folk recreations, which in this study were mixed modality interventions, it is also important to consider racial and ethnic groups in the design of activities or interventions. These interventions will likely be more attractive to them and can have important benefits by helping them recall memories (Li and Li, 2017).
While this study described the improvements that resulted from cultural-based activities that targeted individuals with CI, it is important to note that qualitative study results mainly support improvements related to social interaction and communication, QoL, and wellbeing, as these outcomes are usually measured through qualitative mechanisms. Quantitative study results are more oriented to outcomes such as improvements in motor function or cognitive and executive function, normally based on cognitive or motor empirical measures usually treated through a quantitative perspective.
However, although the outcomes of a study are important and must be considered and assessed as has been performed in this research, it is equally important to define and identify which outcomes are best and how they might be reached. The interventions should be conducted through one modality type or another. Additionally, it is important to know that the same outcomes can be reached through different modalities but at different intensities (Cross et al., 2012). As an example, listening to music in a passive way and listening to the same music with someone dancing to it have the same benefits; however, in the second intervention modality, the benefits were more intense. Specifically, in both interventions, the benefits are memory enhancement and relief of depression symptoms; however, when someone is dancing to music, relief of depressive symptoms improves significantly in comparison with listening to the music passively, and the effect lasts longer (Cross et al., 2012). Another example is comparing two modalities of intervention having nothing in common, for example, art therapy and music reminiscence. In this case, as participants are more active and involved in the art therapy intervention than in the music reminiscence intervention, the benefits obtained as a result of the first intervention are more significant (Mahendran et al., 2018). Therefore, it is important to plan the interventions and the outcomes and try to forecast not only the outcomes but also their intensities to design intervention and conduct it through the most appropriate modality. In addition, when planning the goals to be reached, it is important to take into consideration that interventions directed at achieving subjective goals, such as wellbeing, easily measure what participants want and truly enjoy, as they are not basing the success of the intervention on biomedically measurable goals. Therefore, this difference between the goals to be achieved must also be considered (Beard, 2012).
Another step that must be pointed out should be the final stage in every intervention, the evaluation. A well-performed evaluation must include a pre-test and post-test, and an assessment to verify if the observed effects caused by the interventions were retained by participants for some time after the intervention (Cross et al., 2012; Narme et al., 2012; De Natale et al., 2017; Lazarou et al., 2017; Zafar et al., 2017; Cheung et al., 2018; Zhao et al., 2018; Alain et al., 2019; D’Cunha et al., 2019). It will also be a powerful and empiric tool to truly prove that the benefits of cultural activities last beyond the intervention itself, which is something that adds value to this type of practice.
The studies included in this review were highly heterogeneous, which complicates the extrapolation of its findings. There were obvious variations between studies, such as intervention modality, CI typology, different size groups, and different age groups. However, this heterogeneity must be assumed to be normal since art and culture encompass a broad audience. Moreover, some other limitations of this SR must be mentioned. Most limitations come from the previously mentioned heterogeneity. For example, some studies did not distinguish between self-esteem and emotional wellbeing or socialization improvements and communication improvements, so the option was to unify the outcomes as most studies did. In addition, different scales of measure, as well as different criteria between qualitative and quantitative studies, were used, making exact comparisons difficult. Furthermore, many intervention assessments were based on caregivers, informal caregivers, or the same people with CI observations and feelings. Another limitation was that, in some studies, it was not clear if improvements or changes in participants were related to the intervention or the natural disease progression.
From the results and observations obtained and derived from this review, there are some recommendations and advice for future studies and interventions. It is important to unify the criterion used to assess cultural-based activities and interventions to facilitate the agglutination of information so that it can be more easily understood and examined. Another important observation is that cultural activities are important not only for the people living with CI but also for the family and friends who are taking care of them, as they also benefit from these interventions. Finally, as this SR suggests that cultural activities may provide some benefits to individuals with CI, it could be interesting to combine cultural activities more often with pharmacological therapies, and it will be interesting to extend this type of practice to other types of CI.
Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.
Author Contributions
LD-L, JG-O, and MF-T contributed to the conception and design of this study. LD-L performed the search and the analysis and wrote the manuscript. All authors contributed to manuscript revision and read and approved the submitted version.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s Note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Supplementary Material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.762392/full#supplementary-material
References
Abrahão, A. R., da Silva, P. F. C., Frohlich, D. M., Chrysanthaki, T., Gratão, A., and Castro, P. (2018). “Mobile digital storytelling in a Brazilian care home,” in Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics). (Berlin: Springer International Publishing), doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-92034-4_31
Aguiar, L. P. C., Da Rocha, P. A., and Morris, M. (2016). Therapeutic dancing for Parkinson’s disease. Int. J. Gerontol. 10, 64–70. doi: 10.1016/j.ijge.2016.02.002
Aguiñaga, S., and Marquez, D. X. (2017). Feasibility of a Latin Dance Program for Older Latinos With Mild Cognitive Impairment. Am. J. Alzheimer’s Dis. Other Dement. 32, 479–488. doi: 10.1177/1533317517719500
Alain, C., Moussard, A., Singer, J., Lee, Y., Bidelman, G. M., and Moreno, S. (2019). Music and visual art training modulate brain activity in older adults. Front. Neurosci. 13:1–15. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00182
Albani, G., Veneziano, G., Lunardon, C., Vinci, C., Daniele, A., Cossa, F., et al. (2019). Feasibility of home exercises to enhance the benefits of tango dancing in people with Parkinson’s disease. Complement. Therap. Med. 42, 233–239. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2018.10.028
Ander, E., Thomson, L., Noble, G., and Chatterjee, H. (2011). Generic well-being outcomes: Towards a conceptual framework for well-being outcomes in museums. Museum Manage. Curators. 26, 237–259. doi: 10.1080/09647775.2011.585798
Argyle, E., and Kelly, T. (2015). Implementing person centred dementia care: A musical intervention. Working Older People 19, 77–84. doi: 10.1108/WWOP-12-2014-0041
Badía Corbella, M. (2017). Las artes visuales en personas con demencia:: revisión sistemática. Arte, Individuo Sociedad 29, 9–23.
Baird, A., and Samson, S. (2015). Music and dementia. Prog. Brain Res. 217, 207–235. doi: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2014.11.028
Baird, A., and Thompson, W. F. (2019). When music compensates language: a case study of severe aphasia in dementia and the use of music by a spousal caregiver. Aphasiology 33, 449–465. doi: 10.1080/02687038.2018.1471657
Baird, A., Umbach, H., and Thompson, W. F. (2017). A nonmusician with severe Alzheimer’s dementia learns a new song. Neurocase 23, 36–40. doi: 10.1080/13554794.2017.1287278
Beard, R. L. (2012). Art therapies and dementia care: A systematic review. Dementia 11, 633–656. doi: 10.1177/1471301211421090
Beauchet, O., and Launary, C. (2014). Geriatric inclusive art and risk of in-hospital mortality in inpatients with dementia: results from a quasi-experimental study. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 61, 459–462.
Belver, M. H., Ullán, A. M., Avila, N., Moreno, C., and Hernández, C. (2018). Art museums as a source of well-being for people with dementia: an experience in the Prado Museum. Arts Health 10, 213–226. doi: 10.1080/17533015.2017.1381131
Bernardo, L. D., and Carvalho, C. R. A. (2020). The role of cultural engagement for older adults: an integrative review of scientific literature. Rev. Brasil. Geriatr. Gerontol. 23:190141. doi: 10.1590/1981-22562020023.190141
Bognar, S., DeFaria, A. M., O’Dwyer, C., Pankiw, E., Simic Bogler, J., Teixeira, S., et al. (2017). More than just dancing: experiences of people with Parkinson’s disease in a therapeutic dance program. Disabil. Rehabil. 39, 1073–1078. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2016.1175037
Brodaty, H., and Donkin, M. (2009). Family carers of people with dementia. Dialog. Clin. Neurosci. 11, 217–228. doi: 10.1201/b13196-17
Brown, C. J., Chirino, A. F. C., Cortez, C. M., Gearhart, C., and Urizar, G. G. (2020). Conceptual Art for the Aging Brain: Piloting an Art-Based Cognitive Health Intervention. Activit. Adaptat. Aging 2020, 1–31. doi: 10.1080/01924788.2020.1719584
Camic, P. M., and Chatterjee, H. J. (2013). Museums and art galleries as partners for public health interventions. Perspect. Public Health 133, 66–71. doi: 10.1177/1757913912468523
Camic, P. M., Baker, E. L., and Tischler, V. (2016). Theorizing how art gallery interventions impact people with dementia and their caregivers. Gerontologist 56, 1033–1041. doi: 10.1093/geront/gnv063
Camic, P. M., Hulbert, S., and Kimmel, J. (2019). Museum object handling: A health-promoting community-based activity for dementia care. J. Health Psychol. 24, 787–798. doi: 10.1177/1359105316685899
Camic, P. M., Tischler, V., and Pearman, C. H. (2014). Viewing and making art together: A multi-session art-gallery-based intervention for people with dementia and their carers. Aging Mental Health 18, 161–168. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2013.818101
Capstick, A., and Ludwin, K. (2015). Place memory and dementia: Findings from participatory film-making in long-term social care. Health Place 34, 157–163. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.05.012
Carey, D., Rodgers, P., Tennant, A., and Dodd, K. (2016). Mapping Care: A Case Study of Dementia Service Provision in the North East of England. Proc. Fifth Confer. Serv. Design Serv. Innovat. 125, 376–389.
Chatterjee, H. J., and Camic, P. M. (2015). The health and well-being potential of museums and art galleries. Arts Health 7, 183–186. doi: 10.1080/17533015.2015.1065594
Chen, R. C., Liu, C. L., Lin, M. H., Peng, L. N., Chen, L. Y., Liu, L. K., et al. (2014). Non-pharmacological treatment reducing not only behavioral symptoms, but also psychotic symptoms of older adults with dementia: A prospective cohort study in Taiwan. Geriatr. Gerontol. Int. 14, 440–446. doi: 10.1111/ggi.12126
Cheung, D. S. K., Lai, C. K. Y., Wong, F. K. Y., and Leung, M. C. P. (2018). The effects of the music-with-movement intervention on the cognitive functions of people with moderate dementia: A randomized controlled trial. Aging Mental Health 22, 306–315. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2016.1251571
Chung, J., Choi, S. I., and Kim, J. (2016). Experience of media presentations for the alleviation of agitation and emotional distress among dementia patients in a long-term nursing facility. Dementia 15, 1021–1033. doi: 10.1177/1471301214550660
Ciccarelli, N., Di Tella, S., Lo Monaco, M. R., Carfì, A., Serafini, E., Delle Donne, V., et al. (2019). Emotional valence may influence memory performance for visual artworks in Parkinson’s disease. Neurol. Sci. 40, 2175–2178. doi: 10.1007/s10072-019-03939-8
Clifford, M., Robey, S., and Dixon, J. (2017). Dancing with Parkinson’s: A London hospice’s experience of running a dance programme. Int. J. Palliat. Nurs. 23, 498–500. doi: 10.12968/ijpn.2017.23.10.498
Couture, N., Villeneuve, P., and Éthier, S. (2020). Five Functions of Art Therapy Supporting Couples Affected by Alzheimer’s Disease. Art Therapy 0, 1–9. doi: 10.1080/07421656.2020.1726707
Cowl, A. L., and Gaugler, J. E. (2014). Efficacy of Creative Arts Therapy in Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia: A Systematic Literature Review. Activit. Adaptat. Aging 38, 281–330. doi: 10.1080/01924788.2014.966547
Cross, K., Flores, R., Butterfield, J., Blackman, M., and Lee, S. (2012). The efect of passive listening versus active observation of music and dance performances on memory recognition and mild to moderate depression in cognitively impaired older adults. Psychol. Rep. 111, 413–423. doi: 10.2466/10.02.13.PR0.111.5.413-423
Curtis, A., Gibson, L., O’Brien, M., and Roe, B. (2018). Systematic review of the impact of arts for health activities on health, wellbeing and quality of life of older people living in care homes. Dementia 17, 645–669. doi: 10.1177/1471301217740960
Cuypers, K., Krokstad, S., Holmen, T. L., Knudtsen, M. S., Bygren, L. O., and Holmen, J. (2012). Patterns of receptive and creative cultural activities and their association with perceived health, anxiety, depression and satisfaction with life among adults: The HUNT study, Norway. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 66, 698–703. doi: 10.1136/jech.2010.113571
D’Cunha, N. M., McKune, A. J., Isbel, S., Kellett, J., Georgousopoulou, E. N., and Naumovski, N. (2019). Psychophysiological Responses in People Living with Dementia after an Art Gallery Intervention: An Exploratory Study. J. Alzheimer’s Dis. JAD 72, 549–562. doi: 10.3233/JAD-190784
Dassa, A., and Harel, D. (2019). People with dementia as ‘spect-actors’ in a musical theatre group with performing arts students from the community. Arts Psychother. 65:101592. doi: 10.1016/j.aip.2019.101592
De Dreu, M. J., van der Wilk, A. S. D., Poppe, E., Kwakkel, G., and van Wegen, E. E. H. (2012). Rehabilitation, exercise therapy and music in patients with Parkinson’s disease: A meta-analysis of the effects of music-based movement therapy on walking ability, balance and quality of life. Parkinson. Related Disord. 18(Suppl. 1), S114–S119. doi: 10.1016/s1353-8020(11)70036-0
De Medeiros, K., and Basting, A. (2014). Shall i compare thee to a dose of donepezil? Cultural arts interventions in dementia care research. Gerontologist 54, 344–353. doi: 10.1093/geront/gnt055
De Natale, E. R., Paulus, K. S., Aiello, E., Sanna, B., Manca, A., Sotgiu, G., et al. (2017). Dance therapy improves motor and cognitive functions in patients with Parkinson’s disease. NeuroRehabilitation 40, 141–144. doi: 10.3233/NRE-161399
Deshmukh, S. R., Holmes, J., and Cardno, A. (2018). Art therapy for people with dementia. Cochrane Datab. Systemat. Rev. 2018:ub2. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011073.pub2
Desmarais, S., Bedford, L., and Chatterjee, H. J. (2018). Museums as Spaces for Wellbeing: A Second Report from the National All. Arlington, VA: National alliance for museums.
Deygout, F. (2019). Art Therapy for Elderly Women Diagnosed with Alzheimers: A Positive Person-Centred Approach Increases Ease in the Care Process. Biomed. J. Sci. Technical Res. 22, 16535–16547. doi: 10.26717/bjstr.2019.22.003727
Domínguez-Toscano, P. M., Román-Benticuaga, J. R., and Montero-Domínguez, D. A. (2017). Evaluation of the effect of an arteterapy program applied to persons with Alzhemimer disease or other sense dementities. Arte Individ. Soc. 29, 255–278. doi: 10.5209/ARIS.55013
Eades, M., Lord, K., and Cooper, C. (2018). ‘Festival in a Box’: Development and qualitative evaluation of an outreach programme to engage socially isolated people with dementia. Dementia 17, 896–908. doi: 10.1177/1471301216658158
Edvardsson, D., Winblad, B., and Sandman, P. (2008). Person-centred care of people with severe Alzheimer’s disease: current status and ways forward. Lancet Neurol. 7, 362–367. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70063-2
Eekelaar, C., Camic, P. M., and Springham, N. (2012). Art galleries, episodic memory and verbal fluency in dementia: An exploratory study. Psychol. Aesthet. Creativ. Arts 6, 262–272. doi: 10.1037/a0027499
Evans, I. E. M., Martyr, A., Collins, R., Brayne, C., and Clare, L. (2018). Social Isolation and Cognitive Function in Later Life: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Alzheimer’s Dis. 2018, 1–26. doi: 10.3233/jad-180501
Fang, R., Ye, S., Huangfu, J., and Calimag, D. P. (2017). Music therapy is a potential intervention for cognition of Alzheimer’s Disease: A mini-review. Translat. Neurodegener. 6, 1–8. doi: 10.1186/s40035-017-0073-9
Fernández-Altuna, M., de los, Á, Martínez del Prado, A., Arriarán Rodríguez, E., Gutiérrez Rayón, D., Toriz Castillo, H. A., et al. (2016). Uso de los MeSH: una guía práctica. Investig. Educac. Méd. 5, 220–229. doi: 10.1016/j.riem.2016.02.004
Fields, N., Xu, L., Greer, J., and Murphy, E. (2019). Shall I compare thee…to a robot? An exploratory pilot study using participatory arts and social robotics to improve psychological well-being in later life. Aging Mental Health 0, 1–10. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2019.1699016
Flatt, J. D., Liptak, A., Oakley, M. A., Gogan, J., Varner, T., and Lingler, J. H. (2015). Subjective Experiences of an Art Museum Engagement Activity for Persons With Early-Stage Alzheimer’s Disease and Their Family Caregivers. Am. J. Alzheimer’s Dis. Other Dement. 30, 380–389. doi: 10.1177/1533317514549953
Fong, Z. H., Tan, S. H., Mahendran, R., Kua, E. H., and Chee, T. T. (2020). Arts-based interventions to improve cognition in older persons with mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Aging Mental Health 0, 1–13. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2020.1786802
Ford, K., Tesch, L., Dawborn, J., and Courtney-Pratt, H. (2018). Art, music, story: The evaluation of a person-centred arts in health programme in an acute care older persons’ unit. Int. J. Older People Nurs. 13, 1–9. doi: 10.1111/opn.12186
García Cano, M. (2018). Prácticas artísticas contemporáneas y construcción de conocimiento en la mediación en museos con personas afectadas de Alzheimer. Arteterapia Papeles Arteterapia Educación Artística Para Inclusión Social 13, 17–38. doi: 10.5209/arte.59487
Gontard, A. L., Lantheaume, S., Martinho, D., and Fernandez, L. (2017). Alzheimer et estime de soi : mise en place d’un atelier «terrapeutique» au sein d’un EHPAD. NPG Neurol. Psychiatrie Geriatrie 17, 100–108. doi: 10.1016/j.npg.2016.05.005
Graham, M. E., and Fabricius, A. (2018). Vital correspondence: Exploring tactile experience with resident-focused mandalas in long-term care (Innovative practice). Dementia 2018:1471301218762516. doi: 10.1177/1471301218762516
Gross, S. M., Danilova, D., Vandehey, M. A., and Diekhoff, G. M. (2015). Creativity and dementia: Does artistic activity affect well-being beyond the art class? Dementia 14, 27–46. doi: 10.1177/1471301213488899
Guseva, E. (2018). Bridging Art Therapy and Neuroscience: Emotional Expression and Communication in an Individual With Late-Stage Alzheimer’s. Art Therapy 35, 138–147. doi: 10.1080/07421656.2018.1524260
Guzmán-García, A., Freeston, M., Rochester, L., Hughes, J. C., and James, I. A. (2016). Psychomotor Dance Therapy Intervention (DANCIN) for people with dementia in care homes: A multiple-baseline single-case study. Int. Psychogeriatr. 28, 1695–1715. doi: 10.1017/S104161021600051X
Guzmán-García, A., Mukaetova-Ladinska, E., and James, I. (2013b). Introducing a Latin ballroom dance class to people with dementia living in care homes, benefits and concerns: A pilot study. Dementia 12, 523–535. doi: 10.1177/1471301211429753
Guzmán-García, A., Hughes, J. C., James, I. A., and Rochester, L. (2013a). Dancing as a psychosocial intervention in care homes: A systematic review of the literature. Int. J. Geriatric Psychiatry 28, 914–924. doi: 10.1002/gps.3913
Guzmán-García, A., Robinson, L., Rochester, L., James, I. A., and Hughes, J. C. (2017). A process evaluation of a Psychomotor Dance Therapy Intervention (DANCIN) for behavior change in dementia: Attitudes and beliefs of participating residents and staff. Int. Psychogeriatr. 29, 313–322. doi: 10.1017/S104161021600171X
Hackney, M. E., and Earhart, G. M. (2010). Effects of dance on gait and balance in Parkinsons disease: A comparison of partnered and nonpartnered dance movement. Neurorehabil. Neural Repair 24, 384–392. doi: 10.1177/1545968309353329
Hashimoto, H., Takabatake, S., Miyaguchi, H., Nakanishi, H., and Naitou, Y. (2015). Effects of dance on motor functions, cognitive functions, and mental symptoms of Parkinson’s disease: A quasi-randomized pilot trial. Complement. Therap. Med. 23, 210–219. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2015.01.010
Hattori, H., Hattori, C., Hokao, C., Mizushima, K., and Mase, T. (2011). Controlled study on the cognitive and psychological effect of coloring and drawing in mild Alzheimer’s disease patients. Geriatr. Gerontol. Int. 11, 431–437. doi: 10.1111/j.1447-0594.2011.00698.x
Hazzan, A. A., Humphrey, J., Kilgour-Walsh, L., Moros, K. L., Murray, C., Stanners, S., et al. (2016). Impact of the “artful moments” intervention on persons with dementia and their care partners: A pilot study. Canad. Geriatr. J. 19, 58–65. doi: 10.5770/cgj.19.220
Hicks, B., Carroll, D., Shanker, S., and El-Zeind, A. (2019). ‘Well I’m still the Diva!’ Enabling people with dementia to express their identity through graffiti arts: Innovative practice. Dementia 18, 814–820. doi: 10.1177/1471301217722421
Holmes, W. M., and Hackney, M. E. (2017). Adapted tango for adults with Parkinson’s disease: A qualitative study. Adapted Physical Activity Quart. 34, 256–275. doi: 10.1123/apaq.2015-0113
Hsiao, C. Y., Chen, S. L., Hsiao, Y. S., Huang, H. Y., and Yeh, S. H. (2020). Effects of Art and Reminiscence Therapy on Agitated Behaviors among Older Adults with Dementia. J. Nurs. Res. 28:373. doi: 10.1097/jnr.0000000000000373
Hugo, J., and Ganguli, M. (2014). Dementia and Cognitive Impairment. Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Clin. Geriatr. Med. 30, 421–442. doi: 10.1016/j.cger.2014.04.001
Humphrey, J., Montemuro, M., Coker, E., Kilgour-Walsh, L., Moros, K., Murray, C., et al. (2019). Artful Moments: A framework for successful engagement in an arts-based programme for persons in the middle to late stages of dementia. Dementia 18, 2340–2360. doi: 10.1177/1471301217744025
Hutton, B., Catalá-López, F., and Moher, D. (2016). La extensión de la declaración PRISMA para revisiones sistemáticas que incorporan metaanálisis en red: PRISMA-NMA. Med. Clin. 147, 262–266. doi: 10.1016/j.medcli.2016.02.025
Hwang, P. W.-N., and Braun, K. L. (2017). The Effectiveness of Dance Interventions to Improve Older Adults’ Health: A Systematic Literature Review. Physiol. Behav. 176, 139–148.
Hydén, L. C. (2013). Storytelling in dementia: Embodiment as a resource. Dementia 12, 359–367. doi: 10.1177/1471301213476290
Ilali, E. S., and Mokhtari, F. (2018). A review of the use of painting in the health of the elderly Ehteram. Ann. Tropic. Med. Public Health Special Iss. 12, S730–S718.
Ishihara, M., Saito, T., Sakurai, T., Osawa, A., Ueda, I., Kamiya, M., et al. (2019). Development of the Positive Photo Appreciation for Dementia program for people with mild cognitive impairment and early-stage Alzheimer’s disease: A feasibility study. Geriatr. Gerontol. Int. 19, 1064–1066. doi: 10.1111/ggi.13739
Johnston, L., and Terp, D. M. (2015). Dynamics in Couples Facing Early Alzheimer’s Disease. Clin. Gerontol. 38, 283–301. doi: 10.1080/07317115.2015.1032465
Jones, C., Windle, G., and Edwards, R. T. (2020). Dementia and Imagination: A Social Return on Investment Analysis Framework for Art Activities for People Living With Dementia. Gerontologist 60, 112–123. doi: 10.1093/geront/gny147
Jung, Y. (2011). The art museum ecosystem: A new alternative model. Museum Manage. Curators. 26, 321–338. doi: 10.1080/09647775.2011.603927
Jurado, M. Á, Mataró, M., and Pueyo, R. (2013). Neuropsicología de las enfermedades neurodegenerativas. Santa Cruz de la Sierra: SINTESIS S.A.
Kalyani, H. H. N., Sullivan, K. A., Moyle, G., Brauer, S., Jeffrey, E. R., and Kerr, G. K. (2019a). Impacts of dance on cognition, psychological symptoms and quality of life in Parkinson’s disease. NeuroRehabilitation 45, 273–283. doi: 10.3233/NRE-192788
Kalyani, H. H. N., Sullivan, K., Moyle, G., Brauer, S., Jeffrey, E. R., Roeder, L., et al. (2019b). Effects of Dance on Gait, Cognition, and Dual-Tasking in Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Parkinson’s Dis. 9, 335–349. doi: 10.3233/JPD-181516
Karkou, V., and Meekums, B. (2017). Dance movement therapy for dementia. Cochrane Datab. Systematic Rev. 2017:CD011022.ub2. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011022.pub2
Kirk, M., Rasmussen, K. W., Overgaard, S. B., and Berntsen, D. (2019). Five weeks of immersive reminiscence therapy improves autobiographical memory in Alzheimer’s disease. Memory 27, 441–454. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2018.1515960
Koch, S. C., Mergheim, K., Raeke, J., Machado, C. B., Riegner, E., Nolden, J., et al. (2016). The embodied self in Parkinson’s Disease: Feasibility of a single tango intervention for assessing changes in psychological health outcomes and aesthetic experience. Front. Neurosci. 10:1–13. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00287
Kontos, P., Miller, K. L., Mitchell, G. J., and Stirling-Twist, J. (2017). Presence redefined: The reciprocal nature of engagement between elder-clowns and persons with dementia. Dementia 16, 46–66. doi: 10.1177/1471301215580895
Kropacova, S., Mitterova, K., Klobusiakova, P., Brabenec, L., Anderkova, L., Nemcova-Elfmarkova, N., et al. (2019). Cognitive effects of dance-movement intervention in a mixed group of seniors are not dependent on hippocampal atrophy. J. Neural Transmis. 126, 1455–1463. doi: 10.1007/s00702-019-02068-y
Kunkel, D., Robison, J., Fitton, C., Hulbert, S., Roberts, L., Wiles, R., et al. (2018). It takes two: the influence of dance partners on the perceived enjoyment and benefits during participation in partnered ballroom dance classes for people with Parkinson’s. Disabil. Rehabil. 40, 1933–1942. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2017.1323029
Lam, H. L., Li, W. T. V., Laher, I., and Wong, R. Y. (2020). Effects of Music Therapy on Patients with Dementia—A Systematic Review. Geriatrics 5:62. doi: 10.3390/geriatrics5040062
Lazar, A., Cornejo, R., Edasis, C., and Piper, A. M. (2016). Designing for the third hand: Empowering older adults with cognitive impairments through creating and sharing. DIS 2016 Proc. 2016 ACM Confer. Designing Interact. Syst. Fuse 2016, 1047–1058. doi: 10.1145/2901790.2901854
Lazarou, I., Parastatidis, T., Tsolaki, A., Gkioka, M., Karakostas, A., Douka, S., et al. (2017). International Ballroom Dancing Against Neurodegeneration: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Greek Community-Dwelling Elders With Mild Cognitive impairment. Am. J. Alzheimer’s Dis. Other Dement. 32, 489–499. doi: 10.1177/1533317517725813
Lea, E., and Synnes, O. (2020). An intimate connection: Exploring the visual art experiences of persons with dementia. Dementia 2020:1471301220911264. doi: 10.1177/1471301220911264
Lee, R., Wong, J., Lit Shoon, W., Gandhi, M., Lei, F., Eh, K., et al. (2019). Art therapy for the prevention of cognitive decline. Arts Psychother. 64, 20–25. doi: 10.1016/j.aip.2018.12.003
Lesniewska, H. (2018). Meeting creative Alzheimer patients. NPG Neurol. Psychiatrie Geriatrie 18, 174–182. doi: 10.1016/j.npg.2017.10.003
Lewis, C., Annett, L. E., Davenport, S., Hall, A. A., and Lovatt, P. (2016). Mood changes following social dance sessions in people with Parkinson’s disease. J. Health Psychol. 21, 483–492. doi: 10.1177/1359105314529681
Li, D. M., and Li, X. X. (2017). The effect of folk recreation program in improving symptoms: a study of Chinese elder dementia patients. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 32, 901–908. doi: 10.1002/gps.4543
Loewy, J., Torossian, A., Appelbaum, M., Fleming, A., and Tomaino, C. (2020). Lincoln center moments: integrating accessibility and enhancement through expanding performing arts experiences. Arts Health 12, 182–193. doi: 10.1080/17533015.2018.1555177
Loizeau, A., Kündig, Y., and Oppikofer, S. (2015). ‘Awakened Art Stories’-Rediscovering pictures by persons living with dementia utilising TimeSlips: A Pilot Study. Geriatr. Mental Health Care 3, 13–20. doi: 10.1016/j.gmhc.2015.10.001
Lokon, E., Sauer, P. E., and Li, Y. (2019). Activities in dementia care: A comparative assessment of activity types. Dementia 18, 471–489. doi: 10.1177/1471301216680890
López Méndez, L., and Ullán, A. (2015). Educación artística a través de contenidos digitales y procesos artísticos en personas con Alzhéimer en fase moderada. Artseduca 11, 122–135.
Lötzke, D., Ostermann, T., and Büssing, A. (2015). Argentine tango in Parkinson disease - a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Neurol. 15:484–480. doi: 10.1186/s12883-015-0484-0
Luyten, T., Braun, S., Jamin, G., van Hooren, S., and de Witte, L. (2018). How nursing home residents with dementia respond to the interactive art installation ‘VENSTER’: a pilot study. Disabil. Rehabil. Assist. Technol. 13, 87–94. doi: 10.1080/17483107.2017.1290701
Lyons, S., Karkou, V., Roe, B., Meekums, B., and Richards, M. (2018). What research evidence is there that dance movement therapy improves the health and wellbeing of older adults with dementia? A systematic review and descriptive narrative summary. Arts Psychother. 60, 32–40. doi: 10.1016/j.aip.2018.03.006
Mahendran, R., Gandhi, M., Moorakonda, R. B., Wong, J., Kanchi, M. M., Fam, J., et al. (2018). Art therapy is associated with sustained improvement in cognitive function in the elderly with mild neurocognitive disorder: Findings from a pilot randomized controlled trial for art therapy and music reminiscence activity versus usual care. Trials 19, 1–10. doi: 10.1186/s13063-018-2988-6
Mahendran, R., Rawtaer, I., Fam, J., Wong, J., Kumar, A. P., Gandhi, M., et al. (2017). Art therapy and music reminiscence activity in the prevention of cognitive decline: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 18, 1–10. doi: 10.1186/s13063-017-2080-7
Marquez, D. X., Wilson, R., Aguiñaga, S., Vásquez, P., Fogg, L., Yang, Z., et al. (2017). Regular Latin Dancing and Health Education may Improve Cognition of Late Middle-Aged and Older Latinos. J. Aging Phys. Activity 2017:0049. doi: 10.1123/japa.2016-0049
Masika, G. M., Yu, D. S. F., and Li, P. W. C. (2020a). Can Visual Art Therapy Be Implemented With Illiterate Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment? A Pilot Mixed-Method Randomized Controlled Trial. J. Geriatric Psychiatry Neurol. 2020:0891988720901789. doi: 10.1177/0891988720901789
Masika, G. M., Yu, D. S. F., and Li, P. W. C. (2020b). Visual art therapy as a treatment option for cognitive decline among older adults. A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Adv. Nurs. 2019, 1–19. doi: 10.1111/jan.14362
Meng, X., Li, G., Jia, Y., Liu, Y., Shang, B., Liu, P., et al. (2020). Effects of dance intervention on global cognition, executive function and memory of older adults: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Aging Clin. Exp. Res. 32, 7–19. doi: 10.1007/s40520-019-01159-w
Michels, K., Dubaz, O., Hornthal, E., and Bega, D. (2018). “Dance Therapy” as a psychotherapeutic movement intervention in Parkinson’s disease. Complement. Therap. Med. 40, 248–252. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2018.07.005
Mittelman, M. S., and Papayannopoulou, P. M. (2018). The Unforgettables: A chorus for people with dementia with their family members and friends. Int. Psychogeriatr. 30, 779–789. doi: 10.1017/S1041610217001867
Miyazaki, A., and Mori, H. (2020). Frequent karaoke training improves frontal executive cognitive skills, tongue pressure, and respiratory function in elderly people: Pilot study from a randomized controlled trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17, 1–18. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17041459
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., Altman, D., Antes, G., et al. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 6:1000097. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
Mondro, A., Connell, C. M., Li, L., and Reed, E. (2020). Retaining identity: Creativity and caregiving. Dementia 19, 1641–1656. doi: 10.1177/1471301218803468
Moreno-Morales, C., Calero, R., Moreno-Morales, P., and Pintado, C. (2020). Music therapy in the treatment of dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Med. 7:1–11. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00160
Narme, P., Tonini, A., Khatir, F., Schiaratura, L., Clément, S., and Samson, S. (2012). Thérapies non médicamenteuses dans la maladie d’Alzheimer: Comparaison d’ateliers musicaux et non musicaux. Geriatrie Psychol. Neuropsychiatrie Vieillissement 10, 215–224. doi: 10.1684/pnv.2012.0343
Newman, A., Goulding, A., Davenport, B., and Windle, G. (2019). The role of the visual arts in the resilience of people living with dementia in care homes. Ageing Soc. 39, 2465–2482. doi: 10.1017/S0144686X18000594
Nikmat, A. W., Hashim, N. A., Omar, S. A., and Razali, S. (2015). Depression and Loneliness / Social Isolation Among Patients With Cognitive. Malaysia: Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia.
O’Brien, J. T., Erkinjuntti, T., Reisberg, B., Roman, G., Sawada, T., Pantoni, L., et al. (2003). Vascular cognitive impairment. Lancet Neurol. 2, 89–98. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(03)00305-3
O’Neill, M. (2010). Cultural attendance and public mental health - from research to practice. J. Public Mental Health 9, 22–29. doi: 10.5042/jpmh.2010.0700
Peisah, C., Lawrence, G., and Reutens, S. (2011). Creative solutions for severe dementia with BPSD: A case of art therapy used in an inpatient and residential care setting. Int. Psychogeriatr. 23, 1011–1013. doi: 10.1017/S1041610211000457
Pérez-Sáez, E., Cabrero-Montes, E. M., Llorente-Cano, M., and González-Ingelmo, E. (2018). A pilot study on the impact of a pottery workshop on the well-being of people with dementia. Dementia 2018:1471301218814634. doi: 10.1177/1471301218814634
Pongan, E., Delphin-Combe, F., Krolak-Salmon, P., Leveque, Y., Tillmann, B., Bachelet, R., et al. (2019). Immediate Benefit of Art on Pain and Well-Being in Community-Dwelling Patients with Mild Alzheimer’s. Am. J. Alzheimer’s Dis. Other Dement. 2019:1533317519859202. doi: 10.1177/1533317519859202
Pongan, E., Tillmann, B., Leveque, Y., Trombert, B., Getenet, J. C., Auguste, N., et al. (2017). Can Musical or Painting Interventions Improve Chronic Pain, Mood, Quality of Life, and Cognition in Patients with Mild Alzheimer’s Disease? Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial. J. Alzheimer’s Dis. 60, 663–677. doi: 10.3233/JAD-170410
Ravelin, T., Isola, A., and Kylmä, J. (2013). Dance performance as a method of intervention as experienced by older persons with dementia. Int. J. Older People Nurs. 8, 10–18. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-3743.2011.00284.x
Richards, A. G., Tietyen, A. C., Jicha, G. A., Bardach, S. H., Schmitt, F. A., Fardo, D. W., et al. (2019). Visual Arts Education improves self-esteem for persons with dementia and reduces caregiver burden: A randomized controlled trial. Dementia 18, 3130–3142. doi: 10.1177/1471301218769071
Rios Romenets, S., Anang, J., Fereshtehnejad, S. M., Pelletier, A., and Postuma, R. (2015). Tango for treatment of motor and non-motor manifestations in Parkinson’s disease: A randomized control study. Complement. Therap. Med. 23, 175–184. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2015.01.015
Rios Romenets, S., Fereshtehnejad, S. M., and Postuma, R. (2018). Answer to a Commentary on “Tango for treatment of motor and non-motor manifestations in Parkinson’s disease: A randomized control study.”. Complement. Therap. Med. 40, 258–259. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2017.11.005
Roe, B., McCormick, S., Lucas, T., Gallagher, W., Winn, A., and Elkin, S. (2016). Coffee, Cake & Culture: Evaluation of an art for health programme for older people in the community. Dementia 15, 539–559. doi: 10.1177/1471301214528927
Sánchez, A., Maseda, A., Marante-Moar, M. P., De Labra, C., Lorenzo-López, L., and Millán-Calenti, J. C. (2016). Comparing the Effects of Multisensory Stimulation and Individualized Music Sessions on Elderly People with Severe Dementia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J. Alzheimer’s Dis. 52, 303–315. doi: 10.3233/JAD-151150
Sauer, P. E., Fopma-Loy, J., Kinney, J. M., and Lokon, E. (2016). “It makes me feel like myself”: Person-centered versus traditional visual arts activities for people with dementia. Dementia 15, 895–912. doi: 10.1177/1471301214543958
Savazzi, F., Isernia, S., Farina, E., Fioravanti, R., D’Amico, A., Saibene, F. L., et al. (2020). “Art, Colors, and Emotions” Treatment (ACE-t): A Pilot Study on the Efficacy of an Art-Based Intervention for People With Alzheimer’s Disease. Front. Psychol. 11:01467. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01467
Schneider, J., Hazel, S., Morgner, C., and Dening, T. O. M. (2019). Facilitation of positive social interaction through visual art in dementia: A case study using video-analysis. Ageing Soc. 39, 1731–1751. doi: 10.1017/S0144686X1800020X
Schwartz, A. E., Van Walsem, M. R., Brean, A., and Frich, J. C. (2019). Therapeutic Use of Music, Dance, and Rhythmic Auditory Cueing for Patients with Huntington’s Disease: A Systematic Review. J. Huntington’s Dis. 8, 393–420. doi: 10.3233/JHD-190370
Seifert, K., Spottke, A., and Fliessbach, K. (2017). Effects of sculpture based art therapy in dementia patients—A pilot study. Heliyon 3:e00460. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00460
Shanahan, J., Morris, M. E., Bhriain, O. N., Saunders, J., and Clifford, A. M. (2015). Dance for people with Parkinson disease: What is the evidence telling us? Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 96, 141–153. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.08.017
Shanahan, J., Morris, M. E., Bhriain, O. N., Volpe, D., Lynch, T., and Clifford, A. M. (2017). Dancing for Parkinson Disease: A Randomized Trial of Irish Set Dancing Compared With Usual Care. Arch. Phys. Med. a Rehabil. 98, 1744–1751. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2017.02.017
Sharp, K., and Hewitt, J. (2014). Dance as an intervention for people with Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 47, 445–456. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.09.009
Shoesmith, E., Charura, D., and Surr, C. (2020). Acceptability and feasibility study of a six-week person-centred, therapeutic visual art intervention for people with dementia. Arts Health 00, 1–19. doi: 10.1080/17533015.2020.1802607
Shrestha, R., Trauger-Querry, B., Loughrin, A., and Appleby, B. S. (2016). Visual art therapy in sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease: a case study. Neurocase 22, 243–247. doi: 10.1080/13554794.2015.1135963
Skingley, A., Billam, D., Clarke, D., Hodges, R., Jobson, I., Jobson, R., et al. (2020). Carers Create: Carer perspectives of a creative programme for people with dementia and their carers on the relationship within the (carer and cared-for) dyad. Dementia 2020:1471301220933121. doi: 10.1177/1471301220933121
Solla, P., Cugusi, L., Bertoli, M., Cereatti, A., Della Croce, U., Pani, D., et al. (2019). Sardinian Folk Dance for Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial. J. Alternat. Complement. Med. 25, 305–316. doi: 10.1089/acm.2018.0413
Stallings, J. W. (2010). Collage as a therapeutic modality for reminiscence in patients with dementia. Art Therapy 27, 136–140. doi: 10.1080/07421656.2010.10129667
Stuckey, H. L., and Nobel, J. (2010). The Connection Between Art, Healing, and Public Health:A Review of Current Literature. Am. J. Public Health 100, 254–263.
Swinnen, A., and De Medeiros, K. (2018). “play” and People Living with Dementia: A Humanities-Based Inquiry of TimeSlips and the Alzheimer’s Poetry Project. Gerontologist 58, 261–269. doi: 10.1093/geront/gnw196
Tan, M. K. B. (2018). Connecting reminiscence, art making and cultural heritage: A pilot art-for-dementia care programme. J. Appl. Arts Health 9, 25–36. doi: 10.1386/jaah.9.1.25_1
Thogersen-Ntoumani, C., Papathomas, A., Foster, J., Quested, E., and Ntoumanis, N. (2017). “Shall we dance”? Older adults’ perspectives on the feasibility of a dance intervention for cognitive function. J. Aging Phys. Activity 26, 553–560. doi: 10.1123/japa.2017-0203
Thomas, G. E. C., Crutch, S. J., and Camic, P. M. (2018a). Measuring physiological responses to the arts in people with a dementia. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 123, 64–73. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.11.008
Thomas, P., Chandès, G., and Hazif-Thomas, C. (2018b). Analogon au secours du sens de la vie dans la maladie d’Alzheimer. NPG Neurol. Psychiatrie Geriatrie 18, 18–26. doi: 10.1016/j.npg.2017.09.001
Thomson, L. J., Lockyer, B., Camic, P. M., and Chatterjee, H. J. (2018). Effects of a museum-based social prescription intervention on quantitative measures of psychological wellbeing in older adults. Perspect. Public Health 138, 28–38. doi: 10.1177/1757913917737563
Throsby, D. (2008). The concentric circles model of the cultural industries. Cult. Trends 17, 147–164. doi: 10.1080/09548960802361951
Tietyen, A. C., and Richards, A. G. (2020). A Visual Arts Education pedagogical approach for enhancing quality of life for persons with dementia (innovative practice). Dementia 19, 1244–1251. doi: 10.1177/1471301217726612
Tischler, V., Schneider, J., Morgner, C., Crawford, P., Dening, T., Brooker, D. A. W. N., et al. (2019). Stronger together: learning from an interdisciplinary dementia, arts and well-being network (DA&WN). Arts Health 11, 272–277. doi: 10.1080/17533015.2018.1534252
Tucknott-Cohen, T., and Ehresman, C. (2016). Art therapy for an individual with late stage dementia: A clinical case description. Art Therapy 33, 41–45. doi: 10.1080/07421656.2016.1127710
Tyack, C., Camic, P. M., Heron, M. J., and Hulbert, S. (2017). Viewing Art on a Tablet Computer: A Well-Being Intervention for People with Dementia and Their Caregivers. J. Appl. Gerontol. 36:0733464815617287. doi: 10.1177/0733464815617287
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011). Cognitive impairment: a call for action, Now!. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Ullán, A. M., Belver, M. H., Badía, M., Moreno, C., Garrido, E., Gómez-Isla, J., et al. (2013). Contributions of an artistic educational program for older people with early dementia: An exploratory qualitative study. Dementia 12, 425–446. doi: 10.1177/1471301211430650
Urbanas, M., En, D. E. L. O. S. P., and Capitales, D. O. S. (2005). LOS FACTORES DEFINITORIOS DE LOS GRANDES GRUPOS DE EDAD DE LA POBLACIÓN: TIPOS, SUBGRUPOS Y UMBRALES. Scripta Nova IX, 1–13.
Vigliotti, A. A., Chinchilli, V. M., and George, D. R. (2019). Evaluating the Benefits of the TimeSlips Creative Storytelling Program for Persons With Varying Degrees of Dementia Severity. Am. J. Alzheimer’s Dis. Other Dement. 34, 163–170. doi: 10.1177/1533317518802427
Vink, A. C., Zuidersma, M., Boersma, F., De Jonge, P., Zuidema, S. U., and Slaets, J. P. (2014). The Effect of Music Therapy on Individual Neuropsychiatric Symptoms. AGS 62, 392–393.
Vink, A. C., Zuidersma, M., Boersma, F., De Jonge, P., Zuidema, S. U., and Slaets, J. P. J. (2013). The effect of music therapy compared with general recreational activities in reducing agitation in people with dementia: A randomised controlled trial. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 28, 1031–1038. doi: 10.1002/gps.3924
Volpe, D., Signorini, M., Marchetto, A., Lynch, T., and Morris, M. E. (2013). A comparison of Irish set dancing and exercises for people with Parkinson’s disease: A phase II feasibility study. BMC Geriatrics 13:54. doi: 10.1186/1471-2318-13-54
Wancata, J., Krautgartner, M., Berner, J., Alexandrowicz, R., Unger, A., Kaiser, G., et al. (2005). The Carers’ Needs Assessment for Dementia (CNA-D): Development, validity and reliability. Int. Psychogeriatr. 17, 393–406. doi: 10.1017/S1041610205001699
Ward, M. C., Milligan, C., Rose, E., Elliott, M., and Wainwright, B. R. (2020). The benefits of community-based participatory arts activities for people living with dementia: a thematic scoping review. Arts Health 00, 1–27. doi: 10.1080/17533015.2020.1781217
Westheimer, O., McRae, C., Henchcliffe, C., Fesharaki, A., Glazman, S., Ene, H., et al. (2015). Dance for PD: a preliminary investigation of effects on motor function and quality of life among persons with Parkinson’s disease (PD). J. Neural Transmiss. 122, 1263–1270. doi: 10.1007/s00702-015-1380-x
Wiedenhofer, S., Hofinger, S., Wagner, K., and Koch, S. C. (2017). Active Factors in Dance/Movement Therapy: Health Effects of Non-Goal-Orientation in Movement. Am. J. Dance Therapy 39, 113–125. doi: 10.1007/s10465-016-9240-2
Wikström, B. M. (2005). Communicating via expressive arts: the natural medium of self-expression for hospitalized children. Pediatric Nurs. 31, 480–485.
Windle, G., Gregory, S., Howson-Griffiths, T., Newman, A., O’Brien, D., and Goulding, A. (2018a). Exploring the theoretical foundations of visual art programmes for people living with dementia. Dementia 17, 702–727. doi: 10.1177/1471301217726613
Windle, G., Joling, K. J., Howson-Griffiths, T., Woods, B., Jones, C. H., Van De Ven, P. M., et al. (2018b). The impact of a visual arts program on quality of life, communication, and well-being of people living with dementia: A mixed-methods longitudinal investigation. Int. Psychogeriatr. 30, 409–423. doi: 10.1017/S1041610217002162
Windle, G., Newman, A., Burholt, V., Woods, B., O’Brien, D., Baber, M., et al. (2016). Dementia and Imagination: A mixed-methods protocol for arts and science research. BMJ Open 6, 1–12. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011634
Wyatt, M., and Liggett, S. (2019). The Potential of Painting: Unlocking Disenfranchised Grief for People Living With Dementia. Illness Crisis Loss 27, 51–67. doi: 10.1177/1054137318780577
Young, R., Camic, P. M., and Tischler, V. (2016). The impact of community-based arts and health interventions on cognition in people with dementia: A systematic literature review. Aging Mental Health 20, 337–351. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2015.1011080
Young, R., Tischler, V., Hulbert, S., and Camic, P. M. (2015). The impact of viewing and making art on verbal fluency and memory in people with dementia in an art gallery setting. Psychol. Aesthet. Creativ. Arts 9, 368–375. doi: 10.1037/aca0000030
Yu, J., Rawtaer, I., Goh, L. G., Kumar, A. P., Feng, L., Kua, E. H., et al. (2020). The Art of Remediating Age-Related Cognitive Decline: Art Therapy Enhances Cognition and Increases Cortical Thickness in Mild Cognitive Impairment. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 2020, 1–10. doi: 10.1017/S1355617720000697
Zafar, M., Bozzorg, A., and Hackney, M. E. (2017). Adapted Tango improves aspects of participation in older adults versus individuals with Parkinson’s disease. Disabil. Rehabil. 39, 2294–2301. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2016.1226405
Zhang, Q., Hu, J., Wei, L., Jia, Y., and Jin, Y. (2019). Effects of dance therapy on cognitive and mood symptoms in people with Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement. Therap. Clin. Pract. 36, 12–17. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2019.04.005
Keywords: systematic review, cognitive impairment, cultural activities, Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, arts and health, art therapy
Citation: Delfa-Lobato L, Guàrdia-Olmos J and Feliu-Torruella M (2021) Benefits of Cultural Activities on People With Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review. Front. Psychol. 12:762392. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.762392
Received: 24 August 2021; Accepted: 25 October 2021;
Published: 25 November 2021.
Edited by:
Barbara Colombo, Champlain College Neuroscience Lab, United StatesReviewed by:
Anthea Innes, University of Salford, United KingdomMaura Crepaldi, University of Bergamo, Italy
Copyright © 2021 Delfa-Lobato, Guàrdia-Olmos and Feliu-Torruella. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Laia Delfa-Lobato, bGFpYWRlbGZhQGdtYWlsLmNvbQ==