Rémi ThériaultA Book Review on
Awareness Is Freedom: The Adventure of Psychology and Spirituality
Itai Ivtzan (Winchester, UK: Changemakers Books), 2015, 184 pages, ISBN 978-1-78279-851-4
Eight Lessons for Self-Growth
In Awareness is Freedom: The Adventure of Psychology and Spirituality, Ivtzan (2015) bridges the gap between these two traditions by arguing convincingly that they are not merely compatible, but complementary. The back-cover states that its purpose is “to support readers in their personal journey of self-growth,” placing it squarely in the self-help genre. For Ivtzan, some aspects of our psychological functioning often imprison us, but meditation can help us develop the ability to remain in a state of awareness, which he considers the key to authentic freedom. The book targets a lay audience, as it covers empirical research sparingly and at times seems to rely on the personal views of the author. When Ivtzan does venture into established spiritual discourses, he borrows notions and practices primarily from Buddhism and Yoga, necessarily leaving out other traditions. Unique exercises and psychological tests accompany each of eight lessons.
In lesson one, Ivtzan compares psychology and spirituality and introduces the notion that our “ego”—an illusory sense of personality comprising our beliefs, expectations, and desires—alters our perceptions of reality. As such, Ivtzan adopts a very delimited definition of spirituality: a tool that permits self-growth via the transcendence of the ego. In lesson two, he presents the “royal road” to transcendence, meditation (i.e., non-analytical attentional focusing), its varieties, and benefits. Lesson three introduces us to aware and unaware thought processes, supporting the popular adage that the mind is a good servant but a terrible master. The author makes the case that learning to pay attention without reacting is therefore essential to regaining control over our mind. In lesson four, Ivtzan describes the illusory nature of the ego and proposes instead to embrace our “authentic self.” Lesson five explores how psychological biases color our everyday perceptions in life. According to this view, the human mind organizes incoming information in cognitive “schemas” to help us predict how things should be. In turn, these schemas act as interpretative filters that automatically label situations as either “good” or “bad,” causing us to act in ways that often lead to needless suffering. In lesson six, Ivtzan examines the art of being present and outlines different families of meditation techniques. Lesson seven aims to develop an experiential understanding of impermanence, a fundamental Buddhist concept. Finally, in lesson eight, Ivtzan describes how thoughts, emotions, and body sensations interact in complex ways to define our everyday experience, and how spirituality provides guidance to master our mind and achieve true freedom. Overall, these lessons form an appealing and coherent regimen informed by psychology that guides the reader in a step-by-step process of understanding and changing the mind's habits and patterns in order to live a better and more meaningful life.
Spirituality Before Science
Despite growing interest, spirituality remains a vast underexplored terrain in psychology. Ivtzan accomplishes the challenging task of making sense out of several fundamental spiritual concepts, and organizing them in accessible lessons. The scope of the book is both a strength and a weakness: the spiritual connoisseur will find the information at times redundant and at other times refreshing; the lay individual will appreciate the book's comprehensiveness but may feel overwhelmed. Prioritizing more specific ideas would facilitate comprehension and increase the effectiveness of this work. For example, the ubiquitous presence of psychological tests and scales comprises an original, but perhaps suboptimal, initiative to integrate more “psychology” along the journey. While these tests do convey a certain form of authority, readers may find their practicality limited and their presence an effective distraction from the core teachings. In my opinion, there would be more effective ways to further bridge the gap between spirituality and psychology. For instance, it would have seemed appropriate to explicitly acknowledge existing thinking in humanistic psychology when discussing the authentic self and self growth (e.g., Medlock, 2012; D'Souza and Gurin, 2016), and transpersonal psychology when describing self-transcendence (e.g., Daniels, 2001; Hartelius et al., 2007). Likewise, including classical Self-Determination Theory studies and theorization demonstrating the basic psychological need for autonomy (Ryan and Deci, 2000, 2006) would have helped support the premise that we fundamentally strive for “freedom.” Finally, it would also have seemed fit to more strongly link spiritual traditions emphasizing the power of the mind and of intention by briefly covering some of the social-psychological literature on the topic; for instance, to describe and integrate the concepts of expectation and placebo effects (e.g., Madon et al., 2011; Crum and Phillips, 2015), mindsets (Dweck, 2006; Burnette et al., 2013), and implementation intentions (Gollwitzer, 1999; Gollwitzer and Sheeran, 2006), to name just a few.
Other exercises presented in the book, such as mindfulness, may be more promising for inducing positive change (Eberth and Sedlmeier, 2012; Ivtzan and Lomas, 2016; but see Goyal et al., 2014). Unfortunately, some of the proposed exercises are currently not empirically supported. Take, for instance, the inclusion of meditation techniques involving “chakras,” hypothetical energy centers located across the body. While we cannot dismiss the potential therapeutic benefits associated with such practices, the promotion of unproven therapies in the name of psychology does raise some concerns regarding our responsibility as scientists and practitioners. Besides, the book references 18 experimental studies and two meta-analyses for the full eight lessons (equivalent to under 3 references per section on average)—a humble count considering its claim of being “backed up by scientific findings that enhance the legitimacy and power of its message” (back cover). Therefore, readers may remain unclear as to what, exactly, rests on evidence and what emerges from personal experience or spiritual beliefs.
Conclusion: A First Step on the Path
In summary, Itai Ivtzan wears two hats: he researches positive psychology at Naropa University/the University of East London during the week and runs meditation retreats on the weekends. Yet, the skills of the spiritual master stand out more prominently than those of the psychological researcher. Despite its limitations, this practical handbook could conceivably complement personal development-oriented psychotherapies or relevant undergraduate courses, given the book's drawbacks are clearly explored and discussed—especially if new evidence arises to support the proposed exercises and theoretical frameworks.
Author Contributions
The author confirms being the sole contributor of this work and has approved it for publication.
Conflict of Interest
The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank Michael Lifshitz, Moriah Stendel, Jay Olson, and Angela Shen for helpful feedback on this book review. This work was made possible thanks to the Joseph-Armand Bombardier Canada Graduate Scholarship from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada.
References
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Keywords: psychology, spirituality, self-help, meditation, mindfulness
Citation: Thériault R (2019) Book Review: Awareness Is Freedom: The Adventure of Psychology and Spirituality. Front. Psychol. 10:2814. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02814
Received: 03 September 2019; Accepted: 29 November 2019;
Published: 13 December 2019.
Edited and reviewed by: Inma Adarves-Yorno, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
Copyright © 2019 Thériault. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Rémi Thériault, dGhlcmlhdWx0LnJlbWkmI3gwMDA0MDtjb3Vycmllci51cWFtLmNh
†ORCID: Rémi Thériault orcid.org/0000-0003-4315-6788