Fa Zhan Chen1,2
Yi Wang3
Xi Rong Sun1Yu Hong Yao4Ning Zhang5Hui Fen Qiao5Lan Zhang6Zhan Jiang Li7Hong Lin8Zheng Lu9Jing Li10Raymond C. K. Chan3Xu Dong Zhao1,2*- 1Pudong New Area Mental Health Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- 2Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- 3Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- 4Psychological Health Education and Counseling Center, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- 5Department of Clinical Psychology, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- 6Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- 7Department of Clinical Psychology, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- 8Department of Clinical Psychology, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
- 9Department of Psychiatry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- 10Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
The present study explored the conversion rate in individuals with Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome (APS) and potential predictor for transition in mainland China. Sixty-three participants identified as APS were followed up 6 months later. The results showed that 17% of individuals with APS converted to full-blown psychosis. The converters exhibited significantly poorer emotional experience and expression than the non-converters at baseline. A further binary logistic regression analysis showed that emotional experience could predict the transition (Wald = 4.18, p = 0.041, 95% CI = 1.04~6.82). The present study suggests an important role of emotional processing in the prediction of the development of full-blown psychosis.
Introduction
The Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome (APS) is a clinical condition associated with a significantly higher risk of psychotic disorders. It has been listed as a new category in the appendix (Section 3) as a condition for further study in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013). According to DSM-5, APS was diagnosed when the attenuated positive risk symptom(s) (1) were present at least once a week in the past month, (2) had begun or worsened in the past year, (3) was sufficiently distressing and disabling to the individual to warrant clinical attention, (4) could not be better explained by another mental disorder and was not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition, and (5) did not match with any psychotic disorder. However, the majority of individuals with APS would not convert to frank psychosis. In a meta-analysis based on 2500 individuals with clinical high risk (Fusar-Poli et al., 2012a), researchers found the mean conversion rates to full-blown psychosis was 22, 29, and 36% after 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively. However, the overall conversion rate of APS to full-blown psychosis was just around 34.9% over a 10-year period (Nelson et al., 2013). Such a high proportion of “false positives” suggests a need for improved prediction indicators in addition to the presence of positive symptoms reported by the APS. Recent empirical findings have shown that symptoms severity, negative symptoms in particular (Demjaha et al., 2012; Piskulic et al., 2012; Nelson et al., 2013; Valmaggia et al., 2013), subthreshold disorders of thought content (Nelson et al., 2013; DeVylder et al., 2014; Kantrowitz et al., 2014), and emotional problems in prodromes (Corcoran et al., 2015) could increase the risk for the transition of psychosis. Valmaggia et al. (2013) suggested that symptomatic clustering predicts prognosis better than individual symptoms in the at-risk mental state for psychosis. Several clinical models also have been proposed to further increase the validity of prediction of transition to psychosis in the APS group (Corcoran et al., 2015; Morrison et al., 2015; van Donkersgoed et al., 2015). For example, a study demonstrated that profound deficits in emotion recognition exist in at-risk patients prior to schizophrenia onset (Corcoran et al., 2015). Therefore, an optimal model combining both emotion recognition values and suprathreshold negative symptoms was strongly encouraged to predict the transition in individuals at clinical high risk for schizophrenia. In a summary, there is a clear need for better prediction models that can be used to help clinicians identify a subgroup of subjects that will benefit most from preventive interventions (Fusar-Poli et al., 2012b).
Moreover, the Structured Interview for Psychosis-Risk Syndromes (SIPS) is believed to be the most popular tool for diagnosing individuals at high risk of psychosis (Miller et al., 2003; McGlashan et al., 2010). However, only attenuated positive symptoms were adopted for diagnostic criteria for APS in DSM-5. Some researches have found that prediction algorithms combining 2 or 3 of these variables in SIPS resulted in dramatic increases in positive predictive power compared with the attenuated positive symptoms criteria alone (Cannon et al., 2008; Chuma and Mahadun, 2011). Unfortunately, the predictive value of the deep attenuated symptom items based on the SIPS was rarely explored.
In the present study, we explored the transition rate of individuals with APS in a Chinese sample and a Post Hoc method was used to examine possible prediction effects of emotional experience items on psychosis at a 6 month interval.
Material and Methods
Participants
This study was conducted from November 1st, 2012 to June 30th, 2013 in seven research sites distributed in mainland China, including six psychiatric hospitals/units (Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University; West China Hospital, Sichuan University; Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University; Peking University Sixth Hospital; Shanghai Pudong New Area Mental Health Center; First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University) and one mental health & counseling center of Tongji University, Shanghai. At baseline, we recruited 63 individuals [30 females, mean age (s.d.) = 21.9(4.5)] with APS, diagnosed by the clinical psychiatrists or psychologists. All subjects were help-seekers who were referred to the researchers after being diagnosed with a potential risk for psychosis by the doctors or the counselors/psychologists. The inclusion criteria were: (1) meeting the criteria for APS in DSM-5, as assessed with the Structured Interview for Psychosis-Risk Syndromes (SIPS; (McGlashan et al., 2010); (2) age between 14 to 30 years old; (3) individuals below 18 years of age had to be accompanied by either a parent or legal guardian; and (4) understanding the aims of the study and signing the consent form. The exclusion criteria included: (1) a history of psychotic disorders; (2) serious risk of harm to self or others; (3) significant chronic medical or neurological conditions; and (4) mental retardation. The study protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committees of these centers.
Measures and Procedure
Clinical Assessment
The Structured Interview for Psychosis-Risk Syndromes (SIPS) and the Scale of Psychosis-Risk Symptoms (SOPS, thus SIPS/SOPS; Miller et al., 2003; McGlashan et al., 2010; Chinese version Zheng et al., 2012) were used to determine whether the subjects met the criteria for a putatively psychosis risk status or the Presence of Psychotic Syndrome (POPS). There are 19 attenuated symptoms items in total and consisting of four major symptom dimensions on the SOPS: positive symptoms (5 items), negative symptoms (6 items), disorganized symptoms (4 items), and general symptoms (4 items). Individual items are rated from 0 (absent) to 6 (severe and psychotic), with 3–5 indicating a psychosis risk symptoms. All interviewers received professional training for SIPS prior to the study, and assessed a standard patient with APS through a video system. The intra-class coefficient (ICC) was found to be 0.97 for the SIPS.
Social function was examined using the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF; Jones et al., 1995), which is a single rating scale for evaluating an individual's psychological, social, and occupational functioning.
The Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS; Montgomery and Asberg, 1979) was used to assess the depressive symptoms. The questionnaire includes 10 items. Each item is evaluated on a 7-point scale through a face-to-face interview. High scores on the questionnaire indicate high-level depression. All interviewers received professional training for MADRS prior to the study, and assessed a standard patient through a video system. The ICC was found to be 0.95 showing excellent Inter-rater reliability for the MADRS.
Follow-up at 6 Months
Of the 63 participants, 47 of them were followed up and finished the re-assessment 6 months later. Participants who met the criteria of a psychotic disorder based on the SIPS/SOPS interview were considered as converters.
Data Analysis
We calculated the transition rate at 6-month follow-up. We also compared the SIPS/SOPS scores at baseline between the converters and non-converters using Post Hoc Multiple comparisons (LSD method) in the SPSS v20.0, p < 0.05 was set as the threshold for significance. Finally, we adopted the binary logistic regression analysis to examine the potential prediction effect of the SIPS/SOPS scores at baseline for the conversion.
Results
Among the 47 individuals we followed-up, eight of them converted (including 3 females and 5 males), 18 of them maintained the APS state and 21 of them recovered showing scores on any items less than 3. The transition rate was 17% (8/47). Then, we described the scores on the attenuated symptoms on SOPS, as well as the GAF and depressive symptoms at both the baseline and follow-up (Table 1). The comparisons between converters and non-converters showed significant differences at baseline on the item 3 and item 4 of the negative symptoms assessed by SOPS, which are emotional expression and emotional experience (p's < 0.01). They also showed higher scores on item D1 (odd behavior of appearance) and D3 (trouble with focus and attention; p's < 0.05). In order to examine the prediction effects of these two negative symptoms items of the SOPS, a further binary logistic regression analysis was conducted. The results showed that emotional experience (item N4) could predict the transition (Wald = 4.18, p = 0.041, 95%CI = 1.04~6.82).
Table 1. Description of attenuated symptoms and related clinical manifestations at baseline and 6-month follow-up interval (Mean ± SD).
Discussion
This is one of the few studies examining the conversion rate and prediction effect of APS individuals to full-blown psychosis in mainland China. The findings showed a 17% of conversion rate at a 6-month interval, which is quite consistent with the previous finding from the meta-analysis (Fusar-Poli et al., 2012a). Although the conversion rate of clinical high risk individuals is much higher than general population, most of them did not transfer to the psychosis. In the current study, 21 of APS individuals recovered at follow up and all the non-converters showed decreased scores on the most of the symptoms of the SOPS. A 10-year follow-up study of a group of individuals at ultra high risk for psychosis indicated that 65.1% of the individuals did not convert to frank psychosis, and the highest risk for transition was within the first 2 years (Nelson et al., 2013). Velthorst et al. (2011) found that clinical high risk individuals showed reduced scores on symptoms with the maximum in the first year and after 3 years, 75% of them recovered with no significant symptoms. We speculated that this phenomenon indicate that this is a state of the high risk and may fluctuate during the next few years dependent on individuals' resilience, social support as well as the brain development.
In individuals with APS, we examined the potential prediction effect of the symptoms and found that the negative symptom, esp. emotional experience could predict the transition at 6 month follow-up. Previous studies have shown that negative symptom could predict or increase the transition rate in the clinical high risk population (Demjaha et al., 2012; Piskulic et al., 2012; Nelson et al., 2013; Valmaggia et al., 2013), but the mechanism between the negative symptom and the outcome of high risk of psychosis is still not clear. Not only in the individuals with clinical high risk, have the abnormal emotional experiences also been found in the psychometrically defined schizotypal individuals (Shi et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2014). A recent meta-analysis demonstrated that individuals in the ultra high risk (UHR) of psychosis shown significant moderate deficits in affect recognition and affect discrimination in faces (van Donkersgoed et al., 2015). Another study shown that the profound deficits in emotion recognition at baseline combining with the suprathreshold of negative symptoms in individuals at clinical high risk for schizophrenia made a significant prediction for the conversion (Corcoran et al., 2015).
According to the staging model, during a prodromal period, the patient with APS may experience an increasingly oppressive internal emotional experience that might manifest as negative symptoms (Mishara, 2010). Therefore, emotional experience, expression and recognition might play a critical role in the development of APS. Taken together, the integrated consideration of both positive and negative symptoms, especially the emotional experience in SOPS may give a better solution on the prediction of the transition in a short time.
This study has several limitations. First, the sample size is small and since we recruited participants through a multicenter project, the difficulties of follow up made a high falling off rate. Second, the follow-up time was short and the effect of emotional expression on the long-time prognosis was not clear. Third, the measures in the current study focused on the clinical symptoms and did not measure the cognitive function or emotional processing, which may provide more information for better prediction model. Taken together, in the current study, we found a transition rate of 17% in Chinese APS individuals at 6 months interval and more important, emotional experiences and expression may play unique role in the prediction of the psychosis. It must be noted that, this was a preliminary finding that will have to be replicated in future studies.
Author Contributions
FC designed the study, administered the interview, analyzed the data and wrote up the first draft of the paper. XS, YY, NZ, HQ, LZ, ZJL, HL, ZL, and JL administered the interview and collected the data. XZ conceived the idea and supervised the study. YW and RC interpreted the findings and commented the first draft of the paper. All authors approved the final version of the paper.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We wish to thank all the participants, researchers and others who significantly contributed to this study. This study was supported by grants from the Chinese Ministry of Health, and the National R&D Special Program for Health Professions (Grant no. 201002003). YW was supported by a grant from National Science Fund China (31400884). XS was supported by a grant from the Shanghai Pudong New Area Training Project for the excellent academic leaders in the health system (PWRd2013-04). RC was supported by the Beijing Training Project for the Leading Talents in S & T (Z151100000315020).
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Keywords: emotional experiences, Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome, prediction, conversion, psychosis
Citation: Chen FZ, Wang Y, Sun XR, Yao YH, Zhang N, Qiao HF, Zhang L, Li ZJ, Lin H, Lu Z, Li J, Chan RCK and Zhao XD (2016) Emotional Experiences Predict the Conversion of Individuals with Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome to Psychosis: A 6-Month Follow up Study. Front. Psychol. 7:818. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00818
Received: 17 March 2016; Accepted: 17 May 2016;
Published: 01 June 2016.
Edited by:
Diogo Telles-correia, University of Lisbon, PortugalReviewed by:
Mahesh Menon, University of British Columbia, CanadaJoshua T. Kantrowitz, Nathan Kline Institute/Columbia University, USA
Copyright © 2016 Chen, Wang, Sun, Yao, Zhang, Qiao, Zhang, Li, Lin, Lu, Li, Chan and Zhao. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Zhao Xudong, zhaoxd@tongji.edu.cn