Majda Šahman Zaimović1*
Željko Jaćimović- 1Institute for Medicines and Medical Devices of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
- 2University of Montenegro, Faculty of Metallurgy and Technology, Podgorica, Montenegro
- 3Moj Lab—Laboratory and Polyclinic, Podgorica, Montenegro
- 4Accreditation Body of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory activity of chemistry products against the growth of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella–Enterobacter spp., and Staphylococcus aureus. Pyrazole derivatives (4-bromo-2-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)phenol, 4-nitro-3-pyrazolecarboxylic acid, N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-1H-pyrazole-1-carboxamidine), 3-amino-5-hydroxypyrazole, 3,5-pyrazoledicarboxylic acid monohydrate, and selected complexes of Cu(II) with the mentioned pyrazoles as ligands were used as chemistry bioactives for antibacterial activity. The testing method was carried out according to the disc diffusion method. Some compounds have shown inhibitory effects against the growth of E. coli. A small number of compounds have shown inhibitory effects against the growth of Klebsiella–Enterobacter spp. but did not show inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus compared to amoxicillin as a standard.
Introduction
The resistance to antibacterial drugs has become one of the most important health worries in the last two decades. Infectious diseases caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria need prerequisite higher doses of drugs, additional lethal treatments, and extended hospital stays [1]. Bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella–Enterobacter spp. are responsible for most drug-resistant infection. These microorganisms cause various infections that range from topical to life-threatening and represent a major problem in hospital and community settings. Among all the infections encountered in hospitals, urinary tract infections are one of the most common infections, in which E. coli is found to be the major cause. Several scientific reports have indicated that antibiotic-resistant E. coli bacteria are found in soil, water, food, and animals (Chen et al., 2020). S. aureus has rapidly acquired resistance to many antibiotic drug classes, causing infections that are difficult to eradicate (Vollaro et al., 2020). Enterobacter spp. is a gram-negative environmental bacterium, which belongs to the Enterobacteriaceae family and is found in water, sewage, soil, and plants. These bacteria are common among humans and animals.
Pyrazole derivatives have interesting biological activities such as tumor cell growth activation, antileishmanial activity, anti-inflammatory agents, analgesic activity, antimicrobial activity, anti-inflammatory activity, α-glycosidase inhibitory, antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity, and anticancer agents (Rodhan* et al., 2021; Bhunia et al., 2020; Zebbiche et al., 2022). Many derivatives containing pyrazole nuclei have been commercialized as herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides for plant protection (Abdel Reheim and Baker, 2017).
In the last few years, our group has been continuously working on the synthesis of new pyrazole complexes and determining their antifungal activity (ŽeljkoJaćimović et al., 2018; Latinović et al., 2021). Many pyrazole derivatives and their transition metal complexes have shown significant inhibition of the pathogenic fungi. Some of them have shown 100% efficacy (the patent belongs to the field of conservation of human and animal or plant organisms or their parts or pesticides) [10]. We also examined the Cu(II) complexes with pyrazole derivatives for their antiproliferative activity in vitro against four human cancer cell lines: MCF-7 (human breast cancer cell line), T-24 (bladder cancer cell line), A-549 (non–small cell lung cancer), and L-929 (fibroblast-like cell line cloned from strain L) (Galani et al., 2008).
Since most of the pyrazole compounds show antibacterial activity, the synthesized complexes with pyrazoles as ligands are also expected to show antibacterial activity. This study investigated the antibacterial effects of pyrazoles and their complexes in relation to three ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) bacterial species on agar by applying the disc diffusion method. The activity of selected Cu(II) complex with 4-nitro-3-pyrazolecarboxylic acid, Cu(II) complex with N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-1H-pyrazole-1-carboxamidine, and two Cu(II) complexes with 3,5-pyrazoledicarboxylic acid monohydrate was examined to the mycelial growth of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella–Enterobacter spp., and Staphylococcus aureus. Ligands: 4-bromo-2-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)phenol (Pz1), 4-nitro-3-pyrazolecarboxylic acid (Pz2), N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-1H-pyrazole-1-carboxamidine (Pz3), 3-amino-5-hydroxypyrazole (Pz4), and 3,5-pyrazoledicarboxylic acid monohydrate (Pz5) were also used to study the inhibition of mentioned bacteria under laboratory conditions.
Results
Antimicrobial effect of chemistry products on Escherichia coli
To study the antimicrobial efficiency, two concentrations of Pz1, Pz2, Pz3, Pz4, Pz5, Cu(Pz2)2.8H2O, [Cu(Pz3)2 (MeOH)2], {Cu(Pz5) (H2O)2 (MEOH)2}2, and Cu(Pz5)2 (MeOH)2 were added to cultures of E. coli and compared with amoxicillin (Table 1). Pz1, Pz2, Pz3, and Cu(II) complexes with Pz2 and Pz3 exhibited high activity against Gram-negative E. coli compared with standard amoxicillin. Mean inhibition zones are shown in Tables 1, 2.
TABLE 1. Inhibition zones (presented in millimeters) of Pz1, Pz2, Pz3, Pz4, Pz5, and amoxicillin.
TABLE 2. Inhibition zones (presented in millimeters) of Cu(Pz2)2.8H2O (CuPz2), [Cu(Pz3)2 (MeOH)2] (CuPz3), {CU(Pz5) (H2O)2 (MEOH)2}2 (CuPz5I), Cu(Pz5)2 (MeOH)2 (CuPz5II), and amoxicillin shown on ATCC strains of Escherichia coli.
Antimicrobial effect of chemistry products on Klebsiella–Enterobacter spp.
To study the antimicrobial efficiency, two concentrations of Pz1, Pz2, Pz3, Pz4, Pz5, Cu(Pz2)2.8H2O, [Cu(Pz3)2 (MeOH)2], {Cu(Pz5) (H2O)2 (MEOH)2}2, and Cu(Pz5)2 (MeOH)2 were added to cultures of Klebsiella–Enterobacter spp. and compared with amoxicillin. Pyrazole derivatives Pz1, Pz2, and Pz3 are highly active against Klebsiella–Enterobacter, while other compounds did not cause growth inhibition of these bacteria. Inhibition zones of pyrazole derivatives are shown in Table 3.
TABLE 3. Inhibition zones (presented in millimeters) of Pz1, Pz2, Pz3, Pz4, Pz5, and amoxicillin shown on ATCC strains of Klebsiella–Enterobacter spp.
Complexes Cu(Pz2)2.8H2O (CuPz2), [Cu(Pz3)2 (MeOH)2] (CuPz3), {CU(Pz5) (H2O)2 (MEOH)2}2 (CuPz5I), and Cu(Pz5)2 (MeOH)2 (CuPz5II) did not show an inhibitory effect on Klebsiella–Enterobacter spp.
Antimicrobial effect of chemistry products on Staphylococcus aureus
The used chemical supplements did not cause growth inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus, while the disc with amoxicillin showed an inhibition zone of 18 mm.
Discussion
The average percentage of inhibition achieved by pyrazole derivatives used in comparison to control is presented in Figure 1. The pyrazole of formula N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-1H-pyrazole-1-carboxamidine (Pz3) achieved the best results among other studied compounds at a concentration of 10−5 mol/dm3 when it inhibited the growth of Klebsiella–Enterobacter at a level of 82.8%. This pyrazole showed good results (72.8%) even with a lower concentration of 10−3 mol/dm3. On the other hand, dilution of the Pz2 solution had a major effect on the inhibition of Klebsiella–Enterobacter spp. A solution of pyrazole Pz2 of concentration 10−3 mol/dm3 gave fairly good results with a percentage of inhibition of 75.6%, while a solution of concentration of 10−5 mol/dm3 did not show inhibitory activity for these bacteria.
FIGURE 1. Percentage of inhibition achieved by the pyrazole derivatives in the experiment compared to amoxicillin.
Among the series, the [Cu(Pz3)2 (MeOH)2] (CuPz3) compound (10−5 mol/dm3) was found to be the most active (73.1%) against E. coli compared with standard amoxicillin, whereas the same compound did not show any antibacterial activity for Klebsiella–Enterobacter spp. [CU(Pz5) (H2O)2 (MEOH)2]2 (CuPz5I) and [Cu(Pz5)2 (MeOH)2 ](CuPz5II) did not show an inhibitory effect on the tested bacteria. The average percentage of inhibition achieved by testing Cu(II) complexes used in comparison to control is presented in Figure 2.
FIGURE 2. Percentage of inhibition achieved by testing Cu(II) complexes in the experiment compared to amoxicillin.
Tautomeric forms of 3-amino-5-hydroxypyrazole (Pz4)
Structural studies of the 3-amino-5-hydroxypyrazole (Pz4) ligand showed that two tautomeric forms A and B are present in the crystal, as shown in Figure 3, where tautomer A is present in a smaller amount than tautomer B.
FIGURE 3. Two tautomeric forms (A,B) of the 3-amino-5-hydroxypyrazole (Pz4).
Tautomer A (minor abundance)
1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 4.20 (s, H4, 1H), 5.64 (s, H7, 2H), and 8.81 (br. s., H1+H6, 2H).
13C{1H} NMR (125MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 74.23 (C4), 159.19 (C3 or C5), and 170.72 (C3 or C5).
Tautomer B (major abundance)
1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 3.07 (s, H4, 2H), 5.85 (s, H7, 2H), and 9.83 (s, H2, 1H).
13C{1H} NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 36.26 (C4), 156.98 (C5), and 171.69 (C3).
1H (500 MHz), 13C (125 MHz), and 15N (50 MHz) NMR spectra were measured on a Bruker spectrometer.
The number of signals in 13C{1H} NMR of this compound (five) at 36.26, 74.23, 156.98, 159.19, and 171.69 ppm indicates the presence of two tautomers in DMSO-d6 (three carbon resonances for each tautomer). The sixth signal was observed in the 13C, 1H NMR spectrum via long-range coupling at 170.72 ppm. In line with this spectrum, six resonances were found in the 1H NMR spectrum of the compound at 3.07, 4.20, 5.64, 5.85, 8.81, and 9.83 with relative intensities 2:0.3:0.6:2:0.6:1, correspondingly. The spectra measured immediately after dissolution and standing at room temperature for 3 days were identical.
In the 1H,13C COSY (HSQC) diagram, only two cross-peaks were observed, indicating that the most abundant tautomer contains only one CH2 group, whereas the second tautomer contains only one −CH = group. In addition, this implies that the relative abundance of the tautomers is 3:1.
In the 1H,15N diagram, there were three correlation peaks between 1H resonances at 5.64, 5.85, and 9.83 ppm (relative intensities 0.6:2:1) and 15N signals at 32.2 ppm (NH2 group of tautomer A) and at 41.5 and 145 ppm (NH2 and NH groups of tautomer B).
In the long-range 1H,13C coupling (HMBC) diagram (Figure 4), there were eight cross-peaks for tautomer B—C4−H2 (3), C4−H7 (3), C3−H4 (2), C5−H4 (2), C3−H7 (4), C5−H7 (2), C3−H2 (2), and C5−H2 (3) —and three peaks for tautomer A—C4−H7 (3), C3−H4 2), and C5−H4 (2). This enabled the identification of 13C resonances as follows:
FIGURE 4. Structure of (A) 4-bromo-2-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)phenol, (B) 4-nitro-3-pyrazolecarboxylic acid, (C) N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-1H-pyrazole-1-carboxamidine, (D) 3-amino-5-hydroxypyrazole, and (E) 3,5-pyrazoledicarboxylic acid monohydrate.
Tautomer A—C3 and C5 at 159.19 and 170.72 ppm;
Tautomer B—C3 and C5 at 156.98 and 171.68 ppm; the quaternary carbon at 171.68 ppm can presumably be assigned to the C3 atom of the carbonyl group.
Materials and methods
Pyrazole derivatives
4-Bromo-2-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)phenol (Pz1), 4-nitro-3-pyrazolecarboxylic acid (Pz2), N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-1H-pyrazole-1-carboxamidine (Pz3), 3-amino-5-hydroxypyrazole (Pz4), and 3,5-pyrazoledicarboxylic acid monohydrate (Pz5) were commercial products purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co.
Synthesis of Cu(II) complexes
The Cu(II) complex with Pz2 as a ligand was prepared according to the procedure described in a previous article: in the reaction of the warm ethanolic solutions of CuCl2.2H2O and 4-nitro-3-pyrazolecarboxylic acid ligand (Pz2). The bis(ligand) structure of the Cu(Pz2)2.8H2O complex (Figure 5) was proposed based on elemental analysis, IR spectrometry, and conductometric and TG-MS measurements (ŽeljkoJaćimović et al., 2018).
FIGURE 5. Coordination of Pz2 to Cu(II).
The [Cu(Pz3)2 (MeOH)2] complex was obtained by the reaction of methanolic solutions of Cu(OAc)2.H2O and N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-1H-pyrazole-1-carboxamidine (Pz3). The crystal and molecular structures of the complex (Figure 6) and the ligand (Pz3) were determined by single-crystal X-ray structure analysis (Jaćimović et al., 2017).
FIGURE 6. Structure of [Cu(Pz3)2 (MeOH)2].
Copper complexes with Pz5 and [Cu(Pz5) (H2O)2 (MEOH)2]2 were obtained by the next synthesis procedure: 0.25 mmol of copper (II) acetate was dissolved in 0.004 dm3 of methanol and mixed with 0.5 mmol of ligand dissolved in 0.004 dm3 of methanol with gentle heating. After 24 h, the blue crystals were removed from the mother liquor and transferred to a capillary with methanol without contact with air (when in contact with air, the complex is converted from the monocrystalline form to a light blue powder). The same procedure was used to obtain another complex, [Cu(Pz5)2 (MeOH)2], with only Cu(II)-nitrate used as a salt. The crystal and molecular structures of the obtained Cu(II) complex compounds were determined by X-ray structural analysis on a single crystal sample.
We used the same quantitative ratios and the same method to obtain the Cu (II) complex with Pz1 and Pz4, but even after several attempts, we could not obtain a suitable product.
Measurements of Antibacterial Activity
Measurements of Pz1, Pz2, Pz3, Pz4, Pz5, Cu(Pz2)2 8H2O, [Cu(Pz3)2 (MeOH)2], {Cu(Pz5) (H2O)2 (MEOH)2}2, and Cu(Pz5)2 (MeOH)2 for antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Klebsiella–Enterobacter spp. (ATCC 25923), and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 13048) were carried out using the disc diffusion method. Bacterial strains were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).
Data obtained by measuring the distance between the disc and the bacterial culture are statistically analyzed by analysis of variance, and mean values were compared using the LSD test. If their difference was greater than the LSD test, they were considered statistically significant (Stankovic et al., 1990).
The bacteria were grown on the nonselective media KA-blood agar-finished media (composition: blood agar base plus sheep whole blood; ISO 12485:2003, PROREADY-ProMedia) and selective media EA-Endo agar-finished media (composition: peptone, lactose, sodium sulfate, fuchsine, and agar; ISO 12485:2003 PROREADY-ProMedia). The strains were cultivated on KA and EA media after being placed in a saline solution with a density of 0.5 per McFarland standards. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 h. After 24 h, we made a dilution of the given cultures: 10−3 and 10−5 mol/dm3.
The ligand/complex was mounted as a paper disc (prepared from blotting paper with the help of a micropipette). After the discs were applied on the previously inoculated agar plates, the plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 h.
At the same time, control discs contained 24 µg/disc amoxicillin for all bacteria. The diameters of the inhibition zones were measured in mm, and their mean values were calculated. Statistical analysis was carried out in relation to reference zones of inhibition by EUCAST (European Committee for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing)
Conclusion
In conclusion, pyrazole derivatives and their Cu(II) complexes were tested for antimicrobial measurements. None of the tested compounds showed an inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that pyrazoles and the synthesized complexes with pyrazoles as ligands have shown good activity toward E. coli compared to the control. In contrast to the tested complex compounds and pyrazole derivatives Pz4 and Pz5, which did not show inhibition for Klebsiella–Enterobacter spp., antifungal activity of Pz1, Pz2, and Pz3 compounds was greatly active against this bacterium (the inhibition reached 82.8%). The results also showed how a change in the concentration of the same compound affects the inhibition, especially by reducing the concentration of pyrazole. This compound changes from a fairly active to an inactive compound, observing its effect on the bacterium Klebsiella–Enterobacter spp. Taking all results into consideration, these derivatives could be extremely important molecules for further development of antimicrobial agents.
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Author contributions
Conceptualization: MZ and MK. Methodology: ZJ. Validation: MZ and ZJ. Formal analysis, investigation, preparation of bacterial culture, reading, and participation in the discussion of results: MS and GJ. Preparation of complex compounds, giving a theoretical introduction, and participation in writing the discussion and conclusions: ZJ, MK, and AR.
Acknowledgments
This is a short text to acknowledge the contributions of specific colleagues, institutions, or agencies that aided the efforts of the authors.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
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Keywords: pyrazole, antibacterial, Escherichia, Klebsiella, disc diffusion method
Citation: Zaimović MŠ, Kosović Perutović M, Jelušić G, Radović A and Jaćimović Ž (2022) The inhibitory effect of some pyrazole ligands and their Cu(II) complexes on the growth of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella–Enterobacter spp., and Staphylococcus aureus. Front. Pharmacol. 13:921157. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.921157
Received: 15 April 2022; Accepted: 28 June 2022;
Published: 17 August 2022.
Edited by:
Hong Zhou, Zunyi Medical University, ChinaReviewed by:
Hasan Küçükbay, İnönü University, TurkeyJosefina Pons, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
Copyright © 2022 Zaimović, Kosović Perutović, Jelušić, Radović and Jaćimović. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Majda Šahman Zaimović, majda.sahman@cinmed.me