ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Nutr.
Sec. Clinical Nutrition
Volume 12 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1589907
Mortality And Cardiorenal Outcomes Among Heart Failure Pa8ents with Zinc Deficiency: A Mul8center Retrospec8ve Cohort Study of 8,290 Pa8ents
Provisionally accepted
- 1Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
- 2E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- 3National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Tainan County, Taiwan
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This study aimed to examine the associaJon between zinc deficiency (ZD) and the clinical outcomes in paJents with heart failure (HF).This mulJcenter retrospecJve cohort study used the TriNetX network to idenJfy adult paJents with HF between January 1, 2010, and January 31, 2025. PaJents with serum zinc levels below 70 µg/dL (ZD group) were propensity score-matched to those with levels between 70 and 120 µg/dL (control group) to minimize confounding. Primary outcomes included all-cause mortality, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), and major adverse kidney events (MAKEs). Secondary outcome was all-cause hospitalizaJon.Aeer matching, each group comprised 4,145 paJents with well-balanced baseline characterisJcs. During the 1-year follow-up, the ZD group was associated with higher risks of all-cause mortality (hazard raJo [
Keywords: zinc deficiency, Heart Failure, Major adverse kidney events, Major adverse cardiovascular event, Mortality
Received: 08 Mar 2025; Accepted: 14 Apr 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Lin, Tu, Hung, Yu, Wu and Lai. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Jheng-Yan Wu, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
Chih-Cheng Lai, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
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