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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

Front. Nutr.
Sec. Nutritional Epidemiology
Volume 12 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1530908
This article is part of the Research Topic Dietary Strategies for Managing Hypertension and Hypotension: Insights and Mechanisms View all 10 articles

Sex differences in the associations of water, coffee and tea consumption with cardiovascular diseases: a prospective cohort study

Provisionally accepted
Dandan Ke Dandan Ke 1,2Yueqing Wang Yueqing Wang 1*Yabing Hou Yabing Hou 3*Weihao Shao Weihao Shao 1*Jiawen Ke Jiawen Ke 1Xiaoxuan Zhang Xiaoxuan Zhang 1*Hongxi Yang Hongxi Yang 4Zhong He Zhong He 2*Zuolin Lu Zuolin Lu 1*
  • 1 School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
  • 2 School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
  • 3 Department of Medical Information Technology and Management, Yanjing Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
  • 4 Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

    Background: Water, coffee and tea are the primary sources of daily hydration. However, the sex-specific relationship between these beverages and cardiovascular disease (CVD) among remains unclear.Methods: In total, 210,239 men and 251,383 women from the UK Biobank were included. The consumption of water, coffee and tea were self-reported. CVDs, including coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke and heart failure (HF) were followed till March 1st, 2023. Sex-specific Cox models were utilized to evaluate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations.Results: During a median follow-up of 8.7 years, 11,098 (2.40%) participants developed new-onset HF, 33,426 (7.24%) participants developed new-onset CHD, and 9,706 (2.10%) participants developed new-onset stroke. After adjustments, higher water consumption was generally associated with reduced risk of CVD among both men and women. In contrast, heavy coffee consumption (particularly ≥6 cups/day) were associated with a greater risk of HF in women only (1.18; 1.06-1.32), a greater risk of CHD [1.21 (1.13-1.29) in men vs. 1.13 (1.06-1.21) in women] and a greater risk of stroke [1.14 (1.00-1.29) in men vs. 1.16 (1.03-1.31) in women]. Heavy tea consumption was associated with a greater risk of HF in men (1.11; 1.02-1.22), and a greater risk of CHD among women (1.12; 1.06-1.18). Conclusions: Our study revealed that water consumption was associated with a lower risk of CVDs, whereas heavy coffee and tea consumption was associated with a higher risk of CVDs. Water intake seems to partly eliminate the inverse association of coffee and tea assumption with CVDs. Statistical sex differences emerged in the associations between coffee and tea consumption and CHD incidence.

    Keywords: Water consumption, coffee consumption, tea consumption, cardiovascular disease, Population-based cohort study

    Received: 19 Nov 2024; Accepted: 14 Jan 2025.

    Copyright: © 2025 Ke, Wang, Hou, Shao, Ke, Zhang, Yang, He and Lu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

    * Correspondence:
    Yueqing Wang, School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
    Yabing Hou, Department of Medical Information Technology and Management, Yanjing Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
    Weihao Shao, School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
    Xiaoxuan Zhang, School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
    Zhong He, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
    Zuolin Lu, School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

    Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.