The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Nutr.
Sec. Nutrition, Psychology and Brain Health
Volume 11 - 2024 |
doi: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1435435
Association of Different Types of Milk with Depression and Anxiety: A Prospective Cohort Study and Mendelian Randomization Analysis
Provisionally accepted
Chunying Wu
1*
Yusheng Liu
1
Yigui Lai
1*
Qiang Wang
1*
Siqi Wu
2*
Huijie Fan
1*
Yanyan Liu
2
Xiaoshan Zhao
2*
Xuefeng Jiang
1,2*- 1 People's Hospital of Yangjiang, Yangjiang, Guangdong Province, China
- 2 Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
The relationship between different types of milk and depression and anxiety remains unclear, with limited evidence from prospective cohort studies. This study aims to evaluate this relationship using data from the UK Biobank cohort and to explore its potential causality through Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis.Methods: Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the association between different milk types and the risk of depression and anxiety among 357,568 UK Biobank participants free of these conditions at baseline. To further explore causality, a 2-sample MR analysis was conducted using data from the FinnGen study.Results: During a median follow-up period of 13.5 years (interquartile range, 12.6 to 14.2 years), among 357,568 participants (mean [SD] age, 56.83 [8.06] years, 171,246 male individuals [47.9%]), a total of 13,065 and 13,339 participants were diagnosed with depression and anxiety, respectively. In the fully adjusted model (adjusted for sociodemographics characteristics, lifestyle behaviors and health indicators), full cream milk was related to a lower risk of anxiety (HR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.75-0.94). Semi-skimmed milk had a lower risk of depression (HR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.80-0.96) and anxiety (HR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.82-0.98). No significant relationships were found between skimmed milk and depression/anxiety. Other types were related to an increased risk of depression (HR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.02-1.28). After Bonferroni correction, the 2-sample MR analysis revealed a potential protective causal relationship between semi-skimmed milk and depression (OR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.73-0.95, P = 0.006) and anxiety (OR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.59-0.85, P < 0.001).These findings indicate that semi-skimmed milk consumption may be linked to a lower risk of depression and anxiety, potentially highlighting its role in dietary strategies to promote mental health.
Keywords: Milk, Depression, Anxiety, UK Biobank, Mendelian randomization
Received: 24 May 2024; Accepted: 25 Nov 2024.
Copyright: © 2024 Wu, Liu, Lai, Wang, Wu, Fan, Liu, Zhao and Jiang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Chunying Wu, People's Hospital of Yangjiang, Yangjiang, 529500, Guangdong Province, China
Yigui Lai, People's Hospital of Yangjiang, Yangjiang, 529500, Guangdong Province, China
Qiang Wang, People's Hospital of Yangjiang, Yangjiang, 529500, Guangdong Province, China
Siqi Wu, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
Huijie Fan, People's Hospital of Yangjiang, Yangjiang, 529500, Guangdong Province, China
Xiaoshan Zhao, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
Xuefeng Jiang, People's Hospital of Yangjiang, Yangjiang, 529500, Guangdong Province, China
Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.