Yanjiang Yang1
Biao Han
Wenwen Yang- 1The People's Hospital of Qiandongnan Autonomous Prefecture, Kaili, Guizhou, China
- 2Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- 3Gansu Province International Cooperation Base for Research and Application of Key Technology of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- 4The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
Background: The relationship between dietary factors and hernias is currently unclear.
Methods: The UK Biobank was used to extract dietary factors that were used as exposures, including intake of alcohol, non-oily fish, beef, fresh fruit, oily fish, salad/raw vegetables, dried fruit, coffee, cereal, salt, tea, water, cooked vegetables, cheese, Lamb/mutton, pork, poultry, processed meat, and bread. The FinnGen biobank was used to obtain GWAS data on hernias as outcomes. The main analysis of this study was performed using the weighted median, MR-Egger, and IVW methods. Cochran’s Q test was utilized to assess heterogeneity. To find potential outliers, the MR-PRESSO method was used. Leave-one-out analysis was employed to assess the IVW method’s robustness.
Results: Alcoholic consumption per week (OR: 0.614; p = 0.00614) reduced the risk of inguinal hernia. Alcohol intake frequency (OR: 1.309; p = 0.0477) increased the risk of ventral hernia (mainly including incisional hernia and parastomal hernia). The intake of non-oily fish (OR: 2.945; p = 0.0214) increased the risk of inguinal hernia. Salt added to food (OR: 1.841; p = 0.00267) increased the risk of umbilical hernia. Cheese intake (OR: 0.434; p = 0.000536) and dried fruit intake (OR: 0.322; p = 0.00716) decreased the risk of ventral hernia, while cooked vegetable intake (OR: 4.475; p = 0.0380) increased the risk of ventral hernia. No causal relationships were found with hernias from other dietary factors.
Conclusion: Inguinal, umbilical, and ventral hernias are all related to dietary factors.
1 Introduction
Inguinal hernia, umbilical hernia, and ventral hernia (including incisional hernia and parastomal hernia) are the three types of hernias, according to the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases. Inguinal hernias are the most common hernias, and umbilical hernias are also frequent hernias (1). Incisional hernias occur after laparotomies at a rate of 5–20% and more than 30% in high-risk individuals (2). There have been many studies investigating risk factors for hernias (3–9), but few studies have analyzed the effects of dietary factors on hernias (10). Dietary factors are important factors affecting health and disease (11–14). Therefore, this study used the methods of Mendelian randomization (MR) to analyze the effect of dietary factors on hernias.
2 Methods
MR identifies the causal relationship between exposures and outcomes by employing genetic variations as instrumental variables (IVs). Three fundamental assumptions must be met for MR to function (15). First, there was no connection between the IVs and any probable confounding factors. Second, there must be robust correlations between the IVs and exposure variables. Third, there are no direct connections between the IVs and outcomes. As a result of using deidentified and freely accessible data from the IEU Open GWAS project, this study was exempt from institutional review board approval.
2.1 The selection of IVs and the sources of data
Intake of beef, alcohol, non-oily fish, salad/raw vegetables, water, coffee, fresh fruit, oily fish, dried fruit, cereal, tea, salt, cooked vegetables, cheese, poultry, pork, lamb/mutton, bread, and processed meat were the dietary factors used as exposures in this study. The European-descent participants of dietary factors previously mentioned ranged from 335,394 to 462,630 individuals. The MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol funded the IEU open GWAS project, which either directly or indirectly extracted the GWAS data mentioned above from the UK Biobank. The GWAS data of Hernias (including umbilical, ventral, and inguinal hernias) were extracted from the FinnGen biobank. More information on the outcome and exposure datasets is provided in Supplementary Table S1 and Table 1. The IVs that were employed in the study were determined under the following criteria. First, we will immediately delete palindromic and missing SNPs. Second, linkage disequilibrium was at a level of r2 < 0.001, the threshold of genome-wide significance p < 5 × 10−8, and the clumping window at 10,000 kb. Third, the F statistics of the IVs must be higher than 10.
Table 1. Information on exposure and outcome datasets.
2.2 Statistical analysis
This study employed the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method as the primary method for identifying causality. The IVW method, which requires that all SNPs remain valid or horizontal pleiotropy is balanced, offers the strongest power to identify causality (16). The weighted median method and the MR-Egger method were utilized as supplements to the IVW method, which served as the major method to assess causality in our study. If their results are consistent with the IVW method, the reliability of the IVW method will be greatly improved. Leave-one-out analysis was applied to evaluate the IVW method’s robustness. By employing the MR-Egger method, which allows for the existence of nonzero intercepts, the horizontal pleiotropy can be identified. To identify potential outliers, the MR-PRESSO method was used. Cochran’s Q test was utilized to assess heterogeneity. The R program (version 4.2.0) and TwoSampleMR package (17) were employed to perform all analyses.
3 Results
As shown in Supplementary Table S2, horizontal pleiotropy was detected in the analyses of the effects of fresh fruit intake on umbilical hernia and salt added to food on inguinal hernia (p < 0.05). The presence of horizontal pleiotropy indicated that these analyses violated the assumptions of MR and that there were direct associations between IVs and outcomes (18, 19). We will therefore treat them as invalid analyses. Utilizing the MR-PRESSO method, outliers were found in some analyses, but after removing the outliers and repeating the analyses, the results remained largely unchanged. The F statistics of IVs are all larger than 10, indicating that IVs and exposures have strong associations. The results of the MR-PRESSO method and F statistics are shown in the corresponding sections of Supplementary Table S2.
3.1 Dietary factors and inguinal hernia
Alcoholic drinks per week was observed to reduce the risk of inguinal hernia only in the IVW method (OR: 0.614; p = 0.00614). The intake of non-oily fish was observed to increase the risk of inguinal hernia in the IVW method (OR: 2.945; p = 0.0214) and the weighted median method (OR: 4.007; p = 0.0128). Lamb/mutton intake was observed to decrease the risk of inguinal hernia only in the MR-Egger method (OR: 0.0735; p = 0.0420). The MR-Egger method only complements the IVW method, so there is no causal relationship between lamb/mutton intake and inguinal hernia. Figure 1 shows the results of the leave-one-out analysis of positive dietary factors. Salt added to food is considered as an invalid analysis due to the detection of horizontal pleiotropy. Alcohol intake frequency and the intake of processed meat, poultry, beef, oily fish, pork, bread, cheese, cooked vegetable, tea, fresh fruit, cereal, salad/raw vegetable, coffee, dried fruit, and water were not associated with inguinal hernia in all of the three analysis methods (p > 0.05). More analysis results are provided in Supplementary Table S2.
Figure 1. The results of leave-one-out analyses for (A) salt added to food on umbilical hernia (B) alcohol intake frequency on ventral hernia (C) cheese intake on ventral hernia (D) dried fruit intake on ventral hernia (E) cooked vegetable intake on ventral hernia (F) non-oily fish intake on inguinal hernia (G) alcoholic drinks per week on inguinal hernia.
3.2 Dietary factors and umbilical hernia
Salt added to food (cooking salt is not included) was observed to increase the risk of umbilical hernia only in the IVW method (OR: 1.841; p = 0.00267). Figure 1 shows the results of the leave-one-out analysis of positive dietary factors. Fresh fruit intake is considered as an invalid analysis due to the detection of horizontal pleiotropy. Horizontal pleiotropy was not detected in dried fruit intake after removal of an outlier. Cooked vegetable intake was observed to increase the risk of umbilical hernia only in the weighted median method (OR: 5.038; p = 0.0470). The weighted median method only complements the IVW method, so there is no causal relationship between cooked vegetable intake and umbilical hernia. The intake of alcohol, processed meat, non-oily fish, poultry, beef, oily fish, pork, lamb/mutton, bread, cheese, tea, cereal, salad/raw vegetable, coffee, dried fruit, and water were not associated with umbilical hernia in any of the three analysis methods (p > 0.05). More analysis results are provided in Supplementary Table S2.
3.3 Dietary factors and ventral hernia
It should be noted that the ventral hernia used in this study is defined according to the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases, mainly including incisional hernia and parastomal hernia (20).
Alcohol intake frequency was observed to increase the risk of ventral hernia only in the IVW method (OR: 1.309; p = 0.0477). Cheese intake and dried fruit intake were observed to decrease the risk of ventral hernia in the IVW method (cheese intake OR: 0.434; p = 0.000536; dried fruit intake OR: 0.322; p = 0.00716) and the weighted median method (cheese intake OR: 0.391; p = 0.00452; dried fruit intake OR: 0.239; p = 0.0107). Cooked vegetable intake was observed to increase the risk of ventral hernia in the IVW method (OR: 4.475; p = 0.0380) and the weighted median method (OR: 5.554; p = 0.0427). Figure 1 shows the results of the leave-one-out analysis of positive dietary factors. Non-oily fish intake was observed to increase the risk of ventral hernia only in the weighted median method (OR: 8.941; p = 0.0224). The weighted median method only complements the IVW method, so there is no causal relationship between cooked vegetable intake and umbilical hernia. Alcoholic drinks per week, salt added to food, and the intake of processed meat, poultry, beef, oily fish, pork, lamb/mutton, bread, tea, cereal, salad/raw vegetable, coffee, fresh fruit, and water were not associated with ventral hernia in the three analysis methods (p > 0.05). More analysis results are provided in Supplementary Table S2.
4 Discussion
The associations between nutritional factors and the risk of hernias have not been extensively studied (10), regardless of the fact that diet is an important influencing factor of health (21–23). We only found one study from Turkey that focused on the relationship between dietary factors and hernias, and their study found that dietary factors such as cheese, red meat, chicken, nuts, and bread were associated with inguinal hernia (10). Their study included only 115 people with groin and only used 3-day food consumption records; Therefore, we believe that their study has some limitations. Dietary factors are difficult to measure. The UK Biobank used the frequency to measure dietary factors, more information is provided in Supplementary Table S1. As changing eating habits is difficult, it is highly difficult to use randomized controlled trials to evaluate the effect of dietary factors on hernias. Observational epidemiology is often used to analyze the influence of research factors on study subjects. However, the presence of confounders (24–26), reverse causality (27, 28), and other factors might bias the causal effects that observational epidemiology observed. The introduction of instrumental variables can effectively solve these shortcomings (29, 30). MR, an analysis that uses genetic variation as IVs, is being utilized increasingly frequently. MR sits between observational epidemiology and interventional epidemiology in the hierarchy of evidence (31). In this study, we used MR analysis methods to analyze the effects of 20 dietary factors on three common hernias. The results of this study suggest that alcohol intake has different effects on different hernias. Alcoholic drinks per week reduce the risk of inguinal hernia, alcohol intake frequency increases the risk of abdominal hernia, and alcohol intake does not have any effect on umbilical hernia. In some studies, there was no association between alcohol intake and developing inguinal hernia (32, 33). However, it was found in a different study that individuals with inguinal hernias consumed more alcohol (10). However, less than 1,000 cases of inguinal hernias were included in their analysis, which limited the credibility of their study. Our study included hundreds of thousands of individuals from the UK Biobank and the Finngen Biobank, therefore our study provided new evidence to clarify the relationship between alcohol intake and inguinal hernia. It is worth noting that the causal relationship between drinking frequency and ventral hernia may be influenced by a single SNP, as shown in Figure 1B. In addition, we found that non-oily fish intake increased the risk of inguinal hernia, salt added to food increased the risk of umbilical hernia, cheese intake, and dried fruit intake reduced the risk of ventral hernia, and cooked vegetable intake increased the risk of ventral hernia. It is important to note that neither the causality of non-oily fish consumption on inguinal hernia nor the causality of cooked vegetable intake on ventral hernia are particularly stable; they are affected by a single SNP. More information is shown in Figures 1E,F. We must be particularly careful when interpreting these findings. First, the causal relationship observed by the MR analysis is the consequence of prolonged exposure to dietary factors. Therefore, short-term exposure may not have any clinical effect. Second, the Two-sample MR analysis only revealed the overall effects of exposures on outcomes, not the direct effects. Extremely complex pathways may link exposures and outcomes.
Unavoidably, this study has several restrictions. First, we were incapable of assessing whether there was a U-shaped correlation (for example, as dried fruit intake increases, the risk of ventral hernia rises first and then decreases) between dietary factors and hernias due to continuous data on dietary factors being employed in this study. Second, due to the lack of GWAS data for the two demographics of sex and age, we were unable to conduct stratified analyses. Third, the inability to further divide dietary intake categories prevents a more detailed analysis. Fourth, because our analysis primarily focuses on individuals from Europe, extending our findings to other populations is difficult.
5 Conclusion
Alcoholic drinks per week will reduce the risk of inguinal hernia, while alcohol intake frequency will not affect the risk of inguinal hernia. Alcohol intake frequency will increase the risk of ventral hernia, while alcoholic drinks per week will not affect the risk of ventral hernia. Alcohol intake will not affect the risk of umbilical hernia. The intake of non-oily fish will increase the risk of inguinal hernia. Salt added to food will increase the risk of umbilical hernia. Cheese intake and dried fruit intake will decrease the risk of ventral hernia, while cooked vegetable intake will increase the risk of ventral hernia. No causal relationships were found with hernias from other dietary factors.
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary materials, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.
Ethics statement
Ethical approval was not required for the study involving humans in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. Written informed consent to participate in this study was not required from the participants or the participants’ legal guardians/next of kin in accordance with the national legislation and the institutional requirements.
Author contributions
YY: Data curation, Methodology, Formal analysis, Project administration, Validation, Funding acquisition, Resources, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. BH: Data curation, Methodology, Formal analysis, Project administration, Funding acquisition, Resources, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. YW: Data curation, Methodology, Supervision, Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Project administration, Validation, Investigation, Funding acquisition, Resources, Visualization, Software, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing.
Funding
The author(s) declare that no financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Acknowledgments
Special thanks to the IEU open GWAS project developed by The MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol. Thank them for extracting relevant GWAS summary-level data from published articles, UK Biobank, and FinnGen Biobank.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Supplementary material
The Supplementary material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2024.1265920/full#supplementary-material
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Keywords: Mendelian randomization, incisional hernia, dietary intake, umbilical hernia, inguinal hernia
Citation: Yang Y, Han B and Yang W (2024) Diet and risk for hernia: a Mendelian randomization analysis. Front. Nutr. 11:1265920. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1265920
Edited by:
Annalisa Noce, University of Rome Tor Vergata, ItalyReviewed by:
Juan Manuel Suárez-Grau, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, SpainIsabela Gobbo Ferreira, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
Heba Taher, Cairo University, Egypt
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*Correspondence: Wenwen Yang, MTI0MzAxMjI1NkBxcS5jb20=; Biao Han, aGFuYmlhbzY2QDE2My5jb20=