Yi Yang
Qingxing Feng2†
Kun Hu- 1Department of Urology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- 2Deparment of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- 3Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
Although ITGB5, TIMP1, and TMEM176B are abnormally expressed in several cancers, their molecular biological mechanisms in prostate cancer cells are still to be investigated. The gene regulation technogies based on CRISPR transcription factors could be used to investigate the biological functions of genes in cancer. In this study, we used CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) and CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) technologies to regulate the transcription of ITGB5, TIMP1, and TMEM176B in prostate cancer cells. Through a series of cellualr experiments, we found that inhibition of ITGB5 or activation of TIMP1 and TMEM176B suppress prostate cancer. The three genes synergistically affect the proliferation, invasion and migration capabilities of cancer cells.
Introduction
Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in the genitourinary system. The incidence rate of prostate cancer ranks the second among all kinds of malignant tumors worldwide (Neupane et al., 2017). The incidence rate of prostate cancer is the highest in Europe and the United States, and its mortality rate is only less than lung cancer (Siegel et al., 2018). In China, with the acceleration of population aging, changes in diet structure and improvement of medical level, the incidence rate of prostate cancer has also increased rapidly (Zhang et al., 2009). Prostate cancer tends to occur in elderly men, but in recent years there is a trend of younger. For early diagnosis of prostate cancer, radical surgery or radiotherapy can achieve curative effect, and its 5-years survival rate is almost 100%. However, for advanced metastatic prostate cancer, the 5-years survival rate was only 34% (Preston, 2009). Therefore, early detection and diagnosis of prostate cancer is particularly important to improve the survival rate of patients after treatment.
The study on early diagnostic markers of prostate cancer has been a hot topic in recent years. At the same time, the clinical efficacy of advanced prostate cancer, especially castration resistant prostate cancer, is still very limited. New therapeutic methods still depend on the development and utilization of drug target molecules. The molecular biological mechanism of prostate cancer is also a hot issue in the research of urinary tumor.
ITGB5, TIMP1, and TMEM176B are abnormally expressed in several human cancers. Among them, ITGB5 is highly expressed cancers, TIMP1, and TMEM176B are lowly expressed in cancers. ITGB5 (Integrin β5, Integrin β5) is one of the integrin family members. As a type of transmembrane glycoprotein located on the cell surface, integrins are mainly dimers composed of α and β subunits (Alavi et al., 2003; Hood et al., 2003). Recently, there is new evidence that ITGB5 can promote cell migration and invasion Bianchi et al. (2010), and may participate in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition plays an extremely important role in tumor metastasis. It is found that ITGB5 promotes the lymph node metastasis of colorectal cancer (Denadai et al., 2013). Bianchi et al. found that over-expression of ITGB5 promotes the differentiation and mutation of breast cancer cells and makes breast cancer more aggressive (Bianchi et al., 2010). The protein encoded by TIMP1 is a natural inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases which are a group of peptidases involved in the degradation of extracellular matrix. TIMP1 is thus closely related to tumor invasion and metastasis. TMEM176B is a transmembrane protein that regulates the immune response of the tumor microenvironment. Although these evidences suggest that ITGB5, TIMP1, and TMEM176B may work together to promote the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells, their molecular biological mechanisms in prostate cancer cells are still unclear and require further research.
In this work, we have used CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) and CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) technologies to study the biologocal functions of ITGB5, TIMP1, and TMEM176B in prostate cancer cells. We found that ITGB5 promotes cancer, while TIMP1 and TMEM176B suppress cancer. The three genes synergistically affect the proliferation, invasion, and migration capabilities of prostate cancer cells.
Materials and Methods
Cell Culture
LNCap cells were obtained from The Cell Bank of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). The cells were cultured in DMEM (HyClone, United States) added with 100 U/ml penicillin/streptomycin and 15% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco, United States) under a moisturized atmosphere with a 5% CO2 level.
CRISPR Interference and CRISPR Activation System
The CRISPR-dCas9-VPR and CRISPR-dCas9-KRAB plasmids were ordered from Addgene (Cambridge, MA, United States). The sgRNAs targeting ITGB5, TIMP1, and TMEM176B were designed by the online software CHOPCHOP, a CRISPR/Cas9, and TALEN web tool for genome editing.
Cell Transfection
LNCap cells were seeded in 6-well plates with a 3 × 106 cells per well density in the environment of DMEM. Followed the manufacturer’s protocol of Lipofectamine 2000 Transfection Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, United States), transfection was conducted. After that, the cells were set for 48 h in order for future analysis.
Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
At 48 h after gene transfection, TRIzol (Invitrogen) was used as a separating reagent for total RNA to get the first-strand cDNA using a FastKing RT Kit (With gDNase) (Tiangen) following the official instructions. The qRT-PCR analysis was carried out by SYBR Green (Tiangen). GAPDH was taken as endogenous controllers for the three mRNAs.
Cell Proliferation Assay
LNCap cells were seeded in a 96-well plate at a 1 × 105/ml dose and incubated for 24 h. Subsequently, cells were starved for another 2 h. Culture medium was replaced with 20 μL of methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) solution (5 g/L) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, United States) and incubated at 37°C for 4 h. The supernatant was discarded and 100 μL of DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, United States) was put on to each well. The absorbance value was tracked at the wavelength of 570 nm with a microplate reader.
Cell Apoptosis Assay
At 48 h after cell transfection, the apoptosis of LNCap cells was determined by the Caspase-3 Assay Kit (Fluorometric) (ab39383). Caspase-3 activity was detected by spectrophotometry and each assay was performed in triple.
Cell Migration Assay
LNCap cells were treated with 1.8 mmol/L hydroxyurea for 12 h to inhibit cell proliferation and then a 100 μL pipette tip was used to make cell scratches in a vertical well plate. Then the cell culture medium was discarded and washed three times with PBS. Then the cells were culture and taken pictures. The 0 and 24 h pictures were recorded, and the imageproplus 6.0 software was used to analyze and calculate the cell migration distance.
Cell Invasion Assay
After 48 h of transfection, cells from each group were taken, trypsinized, and then inoculated in a matrigel-Tran-swell chamber. The serum-free DMEM medium was used for culture in the chamber. 10% FBS culture medium was added to the lower chamber. After 24 h, the upper uninvaded cells was wipped with a cotton swab. After fixing with 4% polymethanol for 15 min, cells were stained with 1% crystal violet for 5 min. After washing with PBS for three times, five fields under the fluorescence microscope were randomly selected and observed, and the invaded cells were counted and recorded.
Statistical Analysis
The data were expressed as means ± standard deviations (SD). The SPSS version 19.0 software (IBM Corporation, United States) was used for statistical analysis. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Expression of ITGB5, TIMP1, TMEM176B in Prostate Cancer Cells
In order to clarify the overall expression patterns of the three genes in prostate cancer, we tested the expression of ITGB5 (Figure 1A), TIMP1 (Figure 1B), and TMEM176B (Figure 1C) in the prostate cancer LNCap cell line. We found that ITGB5 was significantly higher in prostate cancer compared with BPH cells, and that TMP1 and TMEM176B were significantly low expressed in prostate cancer. This suggests that ITGB5 is a potential proto-oncogene in the prostate cancer LNCap cell line, while TMP1 and TMEM176B are potential tumor suppressor genes.
FIGURE 1. Expression of ITGB5, TIMP1, TMEM176B in prostate cancer cells. (A) qRT-PCR analysis of ITGB5 expression in LNCap and BPH cell lines. (B) qRT-PCR analysis of TIMP1expression in LNCap and BPH cell lines. (C) qRT-PCR analysis of TMEM176Bexpression in LNCap and BPH cell lines.
The Effects of Knockdown of ITGB5 or Activation of TIMP1 and TMEM176B Expression on Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis
In order to further clarify whether ITGB5 is a proto-oncogene and whether TIMP1 and TMEM176B are tumor suppressor genes, we used dCas9-KRAB-mediated CRISPRi technology (Figure 2A) to knock down the expression of ITGB5 (Figure 2B), and used dCas9-VPR-mediated CRISPRa technology (Figure 2A) to activate TIMP1 and TMEM176B expression (Figure 2B). The experimental results of MTT show that inhibiting the expression of ITGB5 can reduce cell proliferation, while activating the expression of TIMP1 and TMEM176B can achieve the same effect (Figure 2C). In addition, the results of Caspase-3 ELISA assay show that inhibiting the expression of ITGB5 can increase cell apoptosis, while activating the expression of TIMP1 and TMEM176B can observe the same effect (Figure 2D).
FIGURE 2. The effects of knockdown of ITGB5 or activation of TIMP1 and TMEM176B expression on cell proliferation and apoptosis. (A) Vector maps of CRISPR-KRAB and CRISPR-VPR plasmids constructed in this work. (B) LNCap cells were transfected by CRISPRi or CRISPRa systems and gene expression was confirmed by real-time PCR. (C) MTT assays revealed that knockdown of ITGB5 or activation of TIMP1 and TMEM176B expression inhibited the growth rate of LNCap cells. (D) ELISA assays revealed that knockdown of ITGB5 or activation of TIMP1 and TMEM176B expression increased the apoptosis rate of LNCap cells.
The Effects of Knockdown of ITGB5 or Activation of TIMP1 and TMEM176B Expression on Cell Migration
To further clarify whether inhibition of ITGB5 and activation of TIMP1 and TMEM176B affect tumor cell migration, we also used dCas9-KRAB-mediated CRISPRi technology to knock down ITGB5 expression, and used dCas9-VPR-mediated CRISPRa technology to induce TIMP1 and TMEM176B activation. The results of the cell scratch experiment showed that inhibiting the expression of ITGB5 can reduce cell migration viability, while activating the expression of TIMP1 and TMEM176B can achieve similar effects (Figures 3A,B).
FIGURE 3. The effects of knockdown of ITGB5 or activation of TIMP1 and TMEM176B expression on cell migration. LNCap cells were transfected by CRISPRi or CRISPRa systems and cell migration assay revealed that knockdown of ITGB5 (A) or activation of TIMP1 (B) and TMEM176B (C) expression inhibited the migration rate of LNCap cells.
The Effects of Knockdown of ITGB5 or Activation of TIMP1 and TMEM176B Expression on Cell Invasion
Cell migration is always directly related to invasion behavior. To further clarify whether knockdown of ITGB5 and activation of TIMP1 and TMEM176B expression affect tumor cell invasion, we used dCas9-KRAB-mediated CRISPRi to knock down ITGB5 expression, and used dCas9-VPR-mediated CRISPRa to activate TIMP1 and TMEM176B expression. The results of cell invasion experiments show that inhibiting the expression of ITGB5 can reduce the ability of cell invasion, while activating the expression of TIMP1 and TMEM176B can achieve similar effects (Figures 4A,B).
FIGURE 4. The effects of knockdown of ITGB5 or activation of TIMP1 and TMEM176B expression on cell invasion. LNCap cells were transfected by CRISPRi or CRISPRa systems and cell migration assay revealed that knockdown of ITGB5 (A) or activation of TIMP1 (B) and TMEM176B (C) expression inhibited the invasion rate of LNCap cells.
Discussion
Previous studies on gene function have often focused on individual genes and lacked overall understanding of tumors. A convenience provided by the advancement of CRISPR technology is that by fusing dCas9 with different transcriptional regulators, we can easily activate and reduce the expression of different genes (Morgens et al., 2016). In this way, the research on the biological functions of genes can be quickly promoted. In the past, RNA interference technology represented by siRNA tends to have low gene knock-down efficiency and high off-target efficiency (Fakhr et al., 2016). The overexpression gene technology can only express genes with smaller coding fragments (Capriotti et al., 2020). So there is a rapid progress.
In this study, we found that compared with prostate hyperplasia cells BPH, ITGB5 is significantly higher expressed in prostate cancer cells, and TMP1 and TMEM176B are significantly lower expressed. We designed different CRISPR transcriptional regulatory systems to silence ITGB5 in prostate cancer cells and activate TIMP1 and TMEM176B at the same time. MTT experiments, cell invasion and migration experiments proved that knocking down ITGB5 or overexpressing TIMP1 and TMEM176B can significantly inhibit the proliferation, invasion and migration ability of LNCap cells. The three genes synergistically affect the proliferation, invasion and migration capabilities of cancer cells. ITGB5, TIMP1, and TMEM176B can be used as molecular diagnostic targets or therapeutic targets in the future, as their combination is useful for cancer treatment. Furthermore, we can also use AAV to deliver the CRISPR system to target and regulate these three genes for gene therapy of prostate cancer.
Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Author Contributions
YY, QF, KH, and FC have done the cellular experiments and gene transfection. YY designed the study and wrote the paper.
Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81902557), National Key R&D Program of China (2019YFA0906000), and Shenzhen Key Medical Discipline Construction Fund (No.SZXK020).
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
References
Alavi, A., Hood, J. D., Frausto, R., Stupack, D. G., and Cheresh, D. A. (2003). Role of Raf in Vascular protection from Distinct Apoptotic Stimuli. Science 301, 94–96. doi:10.1126/science.1082015
Bianchi, A., Gervasi, M. E., and Bakin, A. (2010). Role of β5-integrin in Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Response to TGF-β. Cell Cycle 9, 1647–1659. doi:10.4161/cc.9.8.11517
Capriotti, L., Baraldi, E., Mezzetti, B., Limera, C., and Sabbadini, S. (2020). Biotechnological Approaches: Gene Overexpression, Gene Silencing, and Genome Editing to Control Fungal and Oomycete Diseases in Grapevine. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21 (16), 5701. doi:10.3390/ijms21165701
Denadai, M. V., Viana, L. S., Affonso, R. J., Silva, S. R., Oliveira, I. D., Toledo, S. R., et al. (2013). Expression of Integrin Genes and Proteins in Progression and Dissemination of Colorectal Adenocarcinoma. BMC Clin. Pathol. 13, 16. doi:10.1186/1472-6890-13-16
Fakhr, E., Zare, F., and Teimoori-Toolabi, L. (2016). Precise and Efficient siRNA Design: a Key point in Competent Gene Silencing. Cancer Gene Ther. 23 (4), 73–82. doi:10.1038/cgt.2016.4
Hood, J. D., Frausto, R., Kiosses, W. B., Schwartz, M. A., and Cheresh, D. A. (2003). Differential αv Integrin-Mediated Ras-ERK Signaling during Two Pathways of Angiogenesis. J. Cel Biol 162, 933–943. doi:10.1083/jcb.200304105
Morgens, D. W., Deans, R. M., Li, A., and Bassik, M. C. (2016). Systematic Comparison of CRISPR/Cas9 and RNAi Screens for Essential Genes. Nat. Biotechnol. 34 (6), 634–636. doi:10.1038/nbt.3567
Neupane, S., Bray, F., and Auvinen, A. (2017). National Economic and Development Indicators and International Variation in Prostate Cancer Incidence and Mortality: an Ecological Analysis. World J. Urol. 35, 851–858. doi:10.1007/s00345-016-1953-9
Siegel, R. L., Miller, K. D., and Jemal, A. (2018). Cancer Statistics, 2018. CA: A Cancer J. Clinicians 68, 7–30. doi:10.3322/caac.21442
Keywords: prostate cancer, ITGB5, TIMP1, TMEM176B, CRISPR interference, CRISPR activation
Citation: Yang Y, Feng Q, Hu K and Cheng F (2021) Using CRISPRa and CRISPRi Technologies to Study the Biological Functions of ITGB5, TIMP1, and TMEM176B in Prostate Cancer Cells. Front. Mol. Biosci. 8:676021. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.676021
Received: 04 March 2021; Accepted: 11 May 2021;
Published: 24 May 2021.
Edited by:
Yonghao Zhan, Zhengzhou University, ChinaReviewed by:
Fan Lin, Shantou University, ChinaKai Yang, Zhejiang University, China
Guo Xiao Qiang, Hebei Normal University, China
Copyright © 2021 Yang, Feng, Hu and Cheng. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Yi Yang, 516321223@qq.com
†These authors have contributed equally to this work