Yingmiao Zhang
Kun Li1†
Zhongxin Lu- 1Department of Medical Laboratory, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- 2Cancer Research Institute of Wuhan, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
Comamonas kerstersii (C. kerstersii) is a Gram-negative bacterium that was initially thought to be non-pathogenic to humans and is abundant in the environment. In recent years, with the availability of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) that enable fast and accurate bacterial identification, there have been increasing number of reports of human infections caused by C. kerstersii, indicating that this organism has emerged as human pathogen. In fact, most clinical isolates of C. kerstersii are recovered from peritoneal liquid, and bacteremia has been infrequently reported. Here, we report a case of bacteremia caused by C. kerstersii in a 28-year-old male patient with acute perforated appendicitis and localized peritonitis and present a comprehensive review of C. kerstersii infections in pathogenic diagnosis and clinical treatment as well as prognosis, thus providing a better understanding of C. kerstersii-related infections.
Introduction
Comamonas kerstersii is an aerobic Gram-negative bacillus that belongs to the genus Comamonas. It was reclassified from Comamonas terrigena (C. terrigena) DNA group 3 and described as C. kerstersii in 2003 (1). Up to date, there have been 25 species with validly published and correct names under the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) (2), most of which were recovered from the environment sources, such as soil, water, and plant (3). Among those Comamonas spp., only five species were involved in human infections, of which Comamonas testosteroni (C. testosteroni) remains the most, followed by C. kerstersii (3). Currently, with the development of mass spectrometry and 16S rRNA gene sequencing techniques, a growing number of bacterial species have been accurately classified, making the number of known species increase year by year. Therefore, reports of infectious cases caused by C. kerstersii have been gradually increased.
Since the first case of intra-abdominal infection duo to C. kerstersii was reported by Almuzara et al. in 2013 (4), there have been dozens of cases about C. kerstersii-related human infections (5–9). The majority of reported cases demonstrated the association of acute perforated appendicitis with polymicrobial infections, including C. kerstersii, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus spp. In addition, Almuzara et al. successively reported the first case of urinary tract infection, psoas abscess, and pelvic peritonitis caused by C. kerstersii (10, 11). Nevertheless, C. kerstersii bacteremia has been infrequently reported. In this study, we report a case of bacteremia caused by C. kerstersii in a patient with acute perforated appendicitis and localized peritonitis and review the clinical characteristics of such infection of previously reported cases.
Case presentation
A 28-year-old male patient came to our hospital with continuous abdominal pain and abdominal distension, but without fever, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. The abdominal pain was not relieved after administration of hydrotalcite chewable tablets. The patient was in good health with no medical conditions other than a history of mixed hemorrhoidal bleeding. On admission, the patient had tenderness in the right lower abdomen without rebound pain, Murphy’s sign was negative, and no other obvious abnormalities were observed. The patient had a temperature of 36.5°C, a pulse rate of 95 beats/min, and a blood pressure of 152/96 mmHg. Laboratory tests revealed the follows: White blood cell count of 20.67 × 109/L (normal 3.5–9.5 × 109/L), a neutrophil percentage of 91% (normal 40–75%), procalcitonin of 15.18 ng/mL (normal 0–0.046 ng/mL), apolipoprotein B of 1.59 g/L (normal 0.69–1.05 g/L), triglycerides of 3.42 mmol/L (normal 0–1.7 mmol/L), total cholesterol of 6.73 mmol/L (normal 0–5.18 mmol/L), low density lipoprotein (LDL) of 4.24 mmol/L (normal 0–3.37 mmol/L), free fatty acids (FFA) of 1.02 mmol/L (normal 0.17–0.58 mmol/L). The abdominal CT revealed a thickened and swollen appendix with fluid accumulation in the lumen, fecalith impaction with surrounding exudate. A comprehensive diagnosis of acute purulent appendicitis with perforation was made. The patient was empirically treated with intravenous levofloxacin hydrochloride sodium chloride solution (0.2 g/ 12 h). Prior to drug administration, one pairs of blood samples were drawn for microbiological test. After 2 days of incubation, the blood culture bottle was tested positive. The content from blood culture bottles were immediately inoculated onto Columbia blood agar, MacConkey agar, chocolate agar, and Sabouraud agar (Guangzhou Dijing Microbial Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China) at 35°C in presence of 5% CO2.
After 24 h of incubation, some round, moist, and white colonies grew on the Columbia blood agar and the single strain was named BC020423 (Figure 1A). Subsequently, the strain BC020423 was subjected to Gram staining and Gram-negative bacillus was observed under microscopy (Figure 1B). Then, the fresh colonies were selected and smeared on the microarray target and classified using MALDI-TOF MS (Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Germany) platform after a series of pretreatment according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Figure 1C). MALDI-TOF MS identified strain BC020423 as C. kerstersii with a high confidence score of 2.052.
Figure 1. Isolation and identification of Comamonas kerstersii strain BC020423. (A) Bacterial colonies on Columbia blood agar after being cultured at 37°C in the presence of 5% CO2 for 24 h. (B) The gram-staining reveal that strain BC020423 is gram negative rods. (C) The spectrogram of the strain acquired by MALDI-TOF MS.
To further investigate the phylogenetic features of the strain BC020423 in this study, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed using universal primers (27F: 5’-AGTTTGATCMTGGCTCAG-3′, 1492R: 5’-GGTTACCTTGTTACGA CTT-3′). A total of 1,426 contiguous nucleotides were obtained. The complete 16S rRNA sequence of the strain BC020423 was analyzed with the EzBioCloud Database (12). The strain BC020423 exhibited the highest (99.40%) 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with the type strain of C. kerstersii LMG 3475T (GenBank accession no. AJ430347). The 16S rRNA sequencing results were submitted to GenBank (accession no. OR150448). Multiple alignments of the sequences from the related Comamonas and were carried out using MUSCLE algorithm (13). The phylogenetic tree was constructed on MEGA software using neighbor-joining (N-J) method (14). According to the phylogenetic tree, strain BC020423 was clustered with the type strain C. kerstersii LMG 3475T with a bootstrap value of 100% (Figure 2). The results of the 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that the isolated strain BC020423 belongs to the C. kerstersii species.
Figure 2. Phylogenetic tree based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences showing the relationship of isolated strain BC020423 (black arrow) and members within genus Comamonas. The tree was reconstructed by the neighbor-joining method, and Delftia acidovorans IAM 12409T (AB021417) was used as an outgroup. Bootstrap values (>50%) based on 1,000 replicates are shown at branch nodes. T, type strain.
Antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) was performed using Vitek II automated system (bioMerieux), and the drug susceptibility was determined according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute 2022 (CLSI 2022) categories (15). The results showed that the strain BC020423 is sensitive to imipenem, meropenem, cefuroxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefepime, piperacillin/tazobactam, and co-trimoxazole, and is resistant to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and aztreonam. Besides, the susceptibility of this strain to gentamicin and amikacin remains at an intermediate level (Table 1). It is worth mentioning that the patient was empirically treated with intravenous levofloxacin (0.2 g/ 12 h), but the therapeutic effect was not favorable. Based on the AST result, the antimicrobial drug was changed to ceftriaxone (1.0 g/12 h). The patient underwent laparoscopic appendectomy with no postoperative complications on day 2 after his diagnosis. After 1 week of symptomatic and supportive treatment, the patient was discharged with normalized physiological conditions.
Table 1. Antimicrobial susceptibility of strain BC020423.
Discussion
The acute appendicitis is one of the most common surgical acute abdomens worldwide, which can take place at any age. The annual incidence of appendicitis is approximately 233 per 100,000 population, and the lifetime incidence risk ranges from 6.7 to 8.6% (16). However, the pathogenesis underlying acute appendicitis still remains poorly understood. Bhangu et al. has summarized several causes of acute appendicitis, such as direct luminal obstruction, genetic effects, and environmental factors (17). The appendix is a critical organ that links to gastrointestinal tract, consisting of a large and diverse microbial community. There are a variety of pathogens that may cause appendicitis, including viral, bacterial, and fungal organisms (18). Among those pathogens, bacteria are considered to be major causative agents for the development of appendicitis. Reinisch et al. found that the most frequent organisms recovered from clinical samples of patients were E. coli, Bacteroides spp., and Pseudomonas spp. by summarizing the microbiological analysis of 584 patients with acute appendicitis (19). In addition, Yersinia spp. and Campylobacter spp. were also reported to be associated with appendicitis, but with rare cases (20, 21).
Comamonas spp. are causative agents of acute appendicitis with a widely geographic distribution, including Asia, Europe, Africa, and South America (3, 22). It is difficult to distinguish the members of genus Comamonas though phenotypic tests. The C. kerstersii is easily confused with C. testosteroni by manual or automatic bacterial identification systems currently available, such as Vitek 2 system and API 20NE system (4, 8), which may account for the absence of C. kerstersii case before. With the development of MALDI-TOF MS and 16S rRNA sequencing, more and more cases of C. kerstersii infection have been reported in recent years.
Since the first case of C. kerstersii related appendicitis reported in 2013, a total of 30 cases of C. kerstersii infection have been reported in different regions. We have reviewed all the cases and found that the type of specimen from these patients was predominantly peritoneal fluid or pus, accounting for 70% of all samples, while blood samples were reported in 7 cases (23.3%). Besides, one purulent material from psoas abscess and a urine sample from urinary tract infection were collected (10). The age of the 30 patients ranges from 5 to 84 years old, with a median age of 31.5 years. The prevalence ratio of C. kerstersii related appendicitis for male is 63.3%, which is higher than that of female. The country with the most reported cases is Argentina, followed by China. Among these cases, 12 patients were diagnosed with perforated appendicitis, and 4 patients were diagnosed with colon perforation. A single case of disease includes diverticulosis, psoas abscess, salpingitis, urinary tract infection, and cesarean section etc. It is worth noting that most cases are poly-microbial infections (73.3%) and the frequently isolated species are Escherichia coli, Streptococcus spp., and Bacteroides fragilis. In all cases, the diseases were controlled with appropriate surgery and/or antibiotic treatment and the patients had a good prognosis.
Bacteremia caused by C. kerstersii was rarely reported. Including the case in this study, there are seven cases of C. kerstersii bacteremia, of which only one case reported two bacterial species isolated from blood. The clinical characteristics and treatment options of the seven cases have been listed in Table 2. Fever and abdominal pain are the most common symptoms of acute appendicitis. Actually, a perforated appendix and localized inflammation can promote the entry of pathogenic bacteria into the bloodstream. Nevertheless, a number of cases with perforated appendix had not reported bacteremia, possibly duo to the absence of blood culture. The clinician roughly identifies the appendicular lesions through clinical symptoms and imaging examination, and then choose emergency surgery or abdominal drainage for treatment. The microbiological test of purulent materials from surgery or peritoneal liquid is able to identify pathogens in most cases, leading to a decrease in the use of blood cultures. One case reported a poly-microbial bacteremia by C. kerstersii and Bacteroides fragilis in a patient with diverticulosis who had ingested river water before his onset of symptoms, indicating that environmental material may serve as source of such pathogen (23). Rong et al. reported a case of bacteremia caused by C. kerstersii without identifiable origin of the organism (24). Although the patient had no abdominal symptoms or past infections that can be linked to this occurrence, the type 2 diabetes with diabetic neuropathy hinted his weakened immunity, which may contribute to the infection of C. kerstersii. A recent study reported maternal peripartum bacteremia caused by C. kerstersii following cesarean section, leading to rapidly progressing organ damage (25). These reports demonstrated the presence of C. kerstersii in the digestive tract and environment, highlighting the importance of identifying C. kerstersii in medical practice.
Table 2. Bacteremia related to Comamonas kerstersii.
In our case, the patient was diagnosed with perforated appendicitis and localized peritonitis based on imaging examination and surgical exploration. C. kerstersii was gained from the blood culture of the patient prior to usage of antibiotics. The abdominal CT showed fecalith impaction inside the appendix, which is a common predisposing factor for acute appendicitis. Several indicators of blood lipid of the patient were elevated, which is related to his high blood pressure. Increased blood viscosity affects local microcirculation in the appendix and promotes inflammation. We speculate that C. kerstersii crosses the appendiceal wall and enters the bloodstream, thus triggering bacteremia, as well as causing tissue damage to the appendix and eventually causing localized peritonitis. The increased level of procalcitonin and leukocytosis indicate a severe inflammatory response in the body. The patient was empirically treated with levofloxacin, but the therapeutic effect was not favorable. The AST result showed that the isolate is resistant to fluorquinolone antibiotics and aztreonam, and remained at an intermediate level to aminoglycoside antibiotics. In fact, most clinical isolates of Comamonas spp. showed susceptible to a variety of antibiotics, including cephalosporins, carbapenems, and aminoglycosides antibiotics. C. testosteroni was reported to be resistance to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and ceftazidime in several cases (26–28). All of the patients were recovered after appropriate anti-infective therapy using metronidazole, piperacillin-tazobactam, and ceftriaxone etc. However, there were several cases of death that were associated with C. testosteroni, causing sepsis, purulent meningitis, and pneumonia (22, 29, 30).
Conclusion
We describe a case of C. kerstersii bacteremia in a previously healthy male patient with acute perforated appendicitis and localized peritonitis and present a comprehensive review of C. kerstersii-related infections. The increasing cases of Comamonas infection highlights its potential of epidemic risk, which needs to be brought to the attention of clinicians. Timely detection of pathogens through peritoneal materials and blood and anti-infective therapy based on antibiotic susceptibility tests are critical for treatment of such infections. The techniques of MALDI-TOF MS and 16S rRNA gene sequencing may provide a fast and accurate identification of Comamonas spp. Moreover, the increase in the antibiotic resistance profile of C. kerstersii is a challenge for clinical treatment, thus further investigations are needed to elucidate the pathogenicity as well as epidemical characteristics of C. kerstersii infections.
Data availability statement
The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/, OR150448.
Ethics statement
The studies involving humans were approved by Medical Ethics Committee of the Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology. The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The human samples used in this study were acquired from a by-product of routine care or industry. Written informed consent for participation was not required from the participants or the participants' legal guardians/next of kin in accordance with the national legislation and institutional requirements.
Author contributions
YMZ: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Writing – original draft. KL: Funding acquisition, Investigation, Writing – original draft. YZh: Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft. YZe: Formal analysis, Writing – original draft. LFS: Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – original draft. HW: Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. ZXL: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – review & editing.
Funding
The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This work was supported by a grant from the Wuhan Municipal Health Commission (Project no. WX21Q42) to YMZ and a local grant from the Central Hospital of Wuhan (grant no. 22YJ57) to KL.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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Keywords: Comamonas kerstersii, bacteremia, perforated appendicitis, 16S rRNA, case report
Citation: Zhang Y, Li K, Zhan Y, Shi L, Zeng Y, Wang H and Lu Z (2023) Bacteremia caused by Comamonas kerstersii in a patient with acute perforated appendicitis and localized peritonitis: case report and literature review. Front. Med. 10:1283769. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1283769
Edited by:
Sam Donta, Falmouth Hospital, United StatesReviewed by:
Galo Guillermo Farfán Cano, Independent Researcher, Guayaquil, EcuadorVeronica Seija, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
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*Correspondence: Zhongxin Lu, bHV6aG9uZ3hpbkB6eGhvc3BpdGFsLmNvbQ==
†These authors have contributed equally to this work