Janay Vacharasin ^1* Luqman Ali Shah ² Daixin Ye ³ Abbas Khan ⁴

• ¹ Francis Marion University, Florence, United States
• ² University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
• ³ Shanghai University, Shanghai, Shanghai Municipality, China
• ⁴ Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

multidisciplinary research, promising advancements and insights have been developed in hydrogel technology. Related materials with differing compositions include aerogels, cryogels, xerogels, or sol-gels (Job et al. 2005, Coradin et al. 2006). An initial hydrogel technology began as a water-based crosslinked network material utilizing polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate (pHEMA) for the purpose of permanent contact applications with human tissues for uses inside a patient (Chirani, et al. 2015). Over time, biogel hydrogels were synthesized to have varying viscosities and elastic properties leading to the modern development of "smart hydrogels". Smart hydrogels are localized personalized medicine gel-based microenvironments containing specific tunable properties to produce desired effects, are surgically injectable, and are sensitive to stimuli (Shojaeifard, et al. 2022). Hydrogels offer several benefits, including a less pro-inflammatory immune response compared to other less biocompatible materials, such as metallic implants (Carossino, et al. 2016). Since hydrogels are porous, they also allow for more natural diffusion than other materials when incorporated into a human body. There is also a potential for hydrogels to be more cost effective than other biotechnologies. Additionally, hydrogels are tunable and can have formation adjusted quickly to environmental changes, can be synthesized to be biodegradable, and are an acceptable environment for cellular incorporation and scaffolding for 3D-cell culture. Further advancements in clinical mapping of these hydrogel properties, optimization of pore-microstructure, and rheological measurements could help practical applications of selecting the right gels for the right clinical procedure. Varying the Young's modulus and chemical composition of hydrogels can change the levels of cell responsivity, cell migration, and cell adhesion. For applications involving synthetic tissues during ongoing tissue and organ shortages, hydrogels with growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) can be utilized to guide the overall shape of tissue growth and recovery. Potentially using hydrogel-encapsulated autologous stem cells could lower the chance of a body rejecting tissue (Lu et