- 1Basic Science Department, Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology, King Marriott Academy, Alexandria, Egypt
- 2Physics Department, Aljamoum-University-College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
The magnetocaloric effect (MCE) of La0.5Ca0.1Ag0.4MnO3 (LCAMO) is simulated using a phenomenological model (PM). The LCAMO MCE parameters are calculated as the results of simulations for magnetization vs. temperature at different values of external magnetic field (Hext). The temperature range of MCE in LCAMO grew as the variation in Hext increased, eventually covering the room temperature at high Hext values. The MCE of LCAMO is tunable with the variation of Hext, proving that LCAMO is practically more helpful as a magnetocaloric (MC) material for the development of magnetic refrigerators in an extensive temperature range, including room temperature and lower and higher ones. The MCE parameters of LCAMO are practically greater than those of some MC samples in earlier works.
Introduction
The need to solve the problem of emission of hazard gases, which come out of conventional vapor refrigerators, results in increased interest in functioning magnetic refrigerator (MR), the idea of which depends on functioning magnetocaloric effect (MCE) (Dhahri et al., 2014; El-Sayed and Hamad, 2019a; El-Sayed and Hamad, 2019b; Ahmed et al., 2021a, Ahmed et al., 2021b; Hamad et al., 2021; Jebari et al., 2021), because the MR provides high efficiency for cooling without any negative impact on the environment and has low energy consumption, availability of mechanical stability, and fewer noise events during cooling operation (Dhahri et al., 2015; Hamad, 2015a; ErchidiElyacoubi et al., 2018a, ErchidiElyacoubi et al., 2018b; Hamad et al., 2020; Sharma et al., 2020; Belhamra et al., 2021). MCE is described as a change in magnetic entropy (∆SM) with a variation in the external magnetic field (Hext) exerted on the material, causing a change in temperature (Masrour et al., 2016; ErchidiElyacoubi et al., 2018c; Kadim et al., 2020, Kadim et al., 2021a, Kadim et al., 2021b). Numerous research over decades have studied various magnetic materials to discover their suitability as magnetocaloric (MC) materials suitable for the MR industry (Hamad, 2015b; Masrour et al., 2017; Jebari et al., 2021; Labidi et al., 2021). It is preferable to use MC materials that have a magnetic transition type of the second degree with a suitable Curie temperature (
Theoretical Considerations
According to PM, as described in Hamad (2012, 2015c, 2015d), the magnetization (M) vs. temperature is simulated by:
where
where
The numerical evaluation of ∆SM of LCAMO under Hext variation (ΔH) can be derived from Maxwell’s relation and derived from Eq. 1 as follows:
From Eq. 4, we can easily calculate ΔSM(T) by determining the Mi, Mf, θc, β, and γ from isofield M(T) curves. Moreover, a maximum value of ∆SM(
The full-width at half-maximum (
A magnetic cooling efficiency of LCAMO is expected by considering the magnitude of
The
Results and Discussion
At values of Hext <5 T, there are two magnetic transitions of LCAMO, as can be observed in Figure 2, at two different temperatufvariation, which is about 57% of the correspondingres. It is possible that this is due to the presence of a canted FM phase in the FM matrix, which can be attributed to the additional Ag content (Jeddi et al., 2020), thus expecting two peaks in the ΔSM curves. However, at Hext = 5 T, it seems like a single magnetic transition of LCAMO, expecting a single peak in the ΔSM curve. It is possible that this is due to the presence of a strong interatomic double exchange interaction at Hext = 5 T. To simulate the MCE of LCAMO, the PM parameters (Mi, Mf, ɵc, β, and α) of LCAMO for each magnetic transition were determined directly from experimental data (isofield magnetization vs. temperature) as in Jeddi et al. (2020). We can see from Figure 2 that there is a good agreement between the experimental and theoretical results of M(T), confirming the good fit of this model for simulating the MCE of LCAMO. This work demonstrates the good coincidence between the experimental data and the continuous curves given by PM, indicating that this model allows us to predict the MCE for LCAMO under different magnetic fields. The M(T) curves of LCAMO demonstrate the magnetic transition from the FM phase to a paramagnetic one under different magnetic fields. The
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FIGURE 2. Magnetization vs. temperature for La0.5Ca0.1Ag0.4MnO3. The dashed curves are modeled results, and the symbols represent experimental data from Jeddi et al. (2020).
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FIGURE 3. (A) ∆SM and (B) ∆SM(T) was calculated by Maxwell relation, and ∆SM(T) was calculated by a phenomenological model.
Figure 4 shows that ∆CP,H(T) has an inverse change from a negative change to a positive one at around
Figures 5–8 show the values of |∆SMax|, δTFWHM, RCP, and ∆CP,H(Max) (maximum value of ∆CP,H) for LCAMO, respectively. It is clear that |∆SMax|, RCP, and ∆CP,H(max) show a general increase with an increase in ∆H due to enhancing the variations of alignment in the local spins with an increase in ∆H, resulting in an increase in MC properties.
These large values of |∆SMax|, δTFWHM, RCP, and ∆CP,H(Max) in LCAMO prevailed as well in perovskite manganite due to the strong coupling between spin and lattice (Dhahri et al., 2008). Since lattice change is associated to magnetic transition in the manganite, this caused a further change in the magnetism of manganite (Dhahri et al., 2008). Furthermore, the bond distance of <Mn–O> plus bond angle <Mn–O–Mn> changes to favor the spin ordering with a high value of Hext, leading to enhanced |∆SMax|, δTFWHM, RCP, and ∆CP,H(Max) in LCAMO (Radaelli et al., 1995; Hamad, 2015b).
Table 1 gives a comparative importance of the MCE parameters of LCAMO with those of various materials in terms of the high values of ΔH in previous works (Álvarez-Alonso et al., 2013; Hamad, 2013; Saadaoui et al., 2013; Ho et al., 2014; Bhumireddi et al., 2015; Boutahar et al., 2015; Jerbi et al., 2015; Gupta and Poddar, 2016; Mansouri et al., 2016; Oubla et al., 2016; Long et al., 2018; Biswal et al., 2019; El Boubekri et al., 2020). The MCE parameters of LCAMO are significantly larger than some MCE parameters of MC samples in the corresponding values of ΔH and the higher ones. From this comparative image, we conclude that LCAMO can function as a favorable MC magnet for the MR.
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TABLE 1. The comparison of magnetocaloric effect parameters for La0.5Ca0.1Ag0.4MnO3 (LCAMO) with corresponding ones of various magnetocaloric effect materials in high ∆H.
Conclusion
Based on thermodynamic calculation via PM, the MCE of LCAMO is simulated under different values of variation in Hext. The MCE of LCAMO is strongly tunable with the value of the variation of Hext. Therefore, LCAMO can be used over a wide temperature range as an effective material for MR, covering a large range of temperatures, including room temperature and lower and higher ones. The MCE of LCAMO is tunable with the variation of Hext, proving that LCAMO is practically more helpful as a MC magnet for the development of MRs in an extensive temperature range, including room temperature. The values of the MCE parameters of LCAMO are practically greater than the MCE ones of some MC samples in earlier works.
Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Author Contributions
All authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s Note
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Keywords: magnetocaloric effect, phenomenological model, phase transition, perovskite, entropy change
Citation: Hamad MA and Alamri HR (2022) Investigations on Strong-Tuned Magnetocaloric Effect in La0.5Ca0.1Ag0.4MnO3. Front. Mater. 9:832703. doi: 10.3389/fmats.2022.832703
Received: 10 December 2021; Accepted: 04 January 2022;
Published: 08 February 2022.
Edited by:
Wissem Cheikhrouhou-Koubaa, Centre de Recherche en Numérique de Sfax (CRNS), TunisiaReviewed by:
Rachid Masrour, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, MoroccoGaofeng Wang, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, China
Copyright © 2022 Hamad and Alamri. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Mahmoud A. Hamad, m_hamad76@yahoo.com