Use of artificial intelligence for gestational age estimation: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Sabahat Naz Sahir Noorani Ali Jaffar Abdu R Rahman Saima Sattar Jai Das Zahra Hoodbhoy ^*

• Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan

With advancements in data science, there are several publications on the use of artificial intelligence (AI) models to estimate GA using ultrasound (US) images. The aim of this meta-analysis is to assess the accuracy of AI models in assessing GA against US as the gold standard.A literature search was performed in PubMed, CINAHL, Wiley Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Studies that reported use of AI models for GA estimation with US as the reference standard were included. Risk of bias assessment was performed using Quality Assessment for Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2) tool. Mean error in GA was estimated using STATA version-17 and subgroup analysis on trimester of GA assessment, AI models, study design, and external validation was performed.Out of the 1039 studies screened, 17 were included in the review, and of these 10 studies were included in meta-analysis. Five (29%) studies were from high-income countries (HICs), four (24%) from upper-middle-income countries (UMICs), one (6%) from low-and middleincome countries (LMIC), and remaining seven studies (41%) used data across different income regions. The pooled mean error in GA estimation based on 2D images (n=6) and blind sweep videos (n=4) was 4.32 days (95% CI: 2.82, 5.83; l 2 : 97.95%) and 2.55 days (95% CI: -0.13, 5.23; l 2 : 100%), respectively. On subgroup analysis based on 2D images, the mean error in GA estimation in the first trimester was 7.00 days (95% CI: 6.08, 7.92), 2.35 days (95% CI:1.03, 3.67) in the second, and 4.30 days (95% CI: 4.10, 4.50) in the third trimester. In studies using deep learning for 2D images, those employing CNN reported a mean error of 5.11 days (95% CI: 1.85, 8.37) in gestational age estimation, while one using DNN indicated a mean error of 5.39 days (95% CI: 5.10, 5.68). Most studies exhibited an unclear or low risk of bias in various domains, including patient selection, index test, reference standard, flow and timings and applicability domain.Preliminary experience with AI models shows good accuracy in estimating GA. This holds tremendous potential for pregnancy dating, especially in resource-poor settings where trained interpreters may be limited.