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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

Front. Educ.
Sec. Higher Education
Volume 9 - 2024 | doi: 10.3389/feduc.2024.1380097

Faculty Verbal Messages: Scale Development and Initial Validation

Provisionally accepted
Michelle T. Violanti Michelle T. Violanti 1*Michelle E. Garland Michelle E. Garland 2
  • 1 The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, United States
  • 2 University of South Carolina Upstate, Spartanburg, South Carolina, United States

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

    This study set out to develop and initially validate a Faculty Verbal Messages scale. During focus groups, an initial list of 65 faculty messages was generated; exploratory factor analysis reduced the number of messages to 34. A third study sought to validate the 34 messages and examine whether the scale performed as expected in conjunction with relational motives, relational distance, learner empowerment, and student motivation. Results indicated the number of faculty verbal messages could be further reduced to 19; messages mediated the motives to communicate-learner empowerment relationship and indirectly predicted student motivation.

    Keywords: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal Analysi, methodology, Writing -original draft, Writingreview & editing. Michelle T. Violanti: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Writing -review & editing Focus Groups

    Received: 01 Feb 2024; Accepted: 30 Aug 2024.

    Copyright: © 2024 Violanti and Garland. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

    * Correspondence: Michelle T. Violanti, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, United States

    Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.