Ali Ahmed ^1,2* Craig Watterson ² Saadat Alhashmi ³ Tarek Gaber ⁴

• ¹ Gulf University for Science and Technology, Mishref District, Kuwait
• ² Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
• ³ University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
• ⁴ University of Salford, Salford, North West England, United Kingdom

Distance learning has seen a significant increase as educational institutions have shifted toward offering online courses. Although some institutions quickly adapted, many struggled to modify traditional materials for online learners. Time was crucial for institutions lacking experience in remote teaching. Designing engaging online cybersecurity modules for diverse students is a major challenge. With the growing popularity of online courses, it is necessary to examine the teaching methods used. This paper presents a systematic literature review on the current state of online cybersecurity education at universities. Using the PRISMA approach, the study identifies prevalent themes and addresses key research questions. This study aims to analyse academic articles to highlight key findings on how universities teach cybersecurity courses online. The authors conducted a systematic review of scholarly articles, adhering to the PRISMA approach for the period from January 2010 to August 2024. PRISMA offers a structured approach to planning, executing, and reporting systematic reviews in various fields, including healthcare and social sciences. The review revealed several key findings on the design of online cybersecurity courses. Learner-centred approaches were commonly used, featuring active learning and practical applications. Effective instructional methods included collaborative learning, case studies, and simulations, which promoted student engagement and critical thinking. Universities emphasise practical skills evaluation and knowledge acquisition through project-based assessments. The role of IT tools was highlighted, with virtual laboratories, gamification, and simulations providing hands-on experiences, enhancing motivation, and facilitating active learning. This systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of the current online cybersecurity education practices in online universities. As a pioneering effort, it offers educators and curriculum developers valuable insight into designing effective online cybersecurity programmes to enhance teaching and learning practices.