Phenol Derivatives From the Sponge-Derived Fungus Didymellaceae sp. SCSIO F46

Seven new phenol derivatives named coleophomones E and F (1, 2), diorcinols L and M (3, 4), 1-hydroxy-6-methyl-11-methoxy-8-hydroxymethylxanthone (5), porric acid E (6), and 7-(2-hydroxyphenyl) butane-7,8,9-triol (7), were isolated from the EtOAc extract of the marine sponge-derived fungus Didymellaceae sp. SCSIO F46, together with 10 known compounds. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analyses, including NMR, MS, X-ray diffraction, and theoretical calculations. Each of 1 and 2 contains an unusual spiro [cyclohexane-1,2′-inden] moiety, which is relatively seldom in nature products. Cytotoxic and COX-2 inhibitory activities of all purified compounds were tested and evaluated. Compound 3 displayed obvious cytotoxicities against Huh-7, HeLa, DU145 and HL60 cells (IC₅₀ values 5.7–9.6 μM) and weak activities against other five cell lines, while 8 showed weak cytotoxicities against HeLa and HL7702 cells. Compound 6 displayed COX-2 inhibitory activity with IC₅₀ value of 3.3 μM.

Introduction

Natural products are still irreplaceable and continuing sources of novel drug leads, especially in the anti-infective area (Newman and Cragg, 2016). The marine ecosystem is one of the most complex and largest aquatic systems on earth, and host a huge microbial biodiversity (Agrawal et al., 2017; Corinaldesi et al., 2017). The unique and extreme characteristics of marine systems have driven a variety of biological adaptations, leading to the production of a large number of novel molecules for the treatment of many diseases (Gerwick and Fenner, 2013; Blunt et al., 2017). Marine sponges, a kind of precious marine organisms for new drug discovery, are hosts for a large community of microbes (up to 50–60% of the biomass of the sponge host) (Bergmann and Burke, 1955; Wang, 2006; Zhang et al., 2017). It was indicated that the symbiotic microbes of marine sponges might be the true producers of bioactive chemical defense substance of the sponge ecosystem (Richelle-Maurer et al., 2003; Thomas et al., 2010).

Sponge-derived fungi have been proven to be a treasure trove of novel biomolecules (Indraningrat et al., 2016; Blunt et al., 2017). During an ongoing search for new bioactive metabolites from the sponge-derived fungi (Tian et al., 2015a, 2018a,b), a strain of Didymellaceae sp. (SCSIO F46) isolated from a sponge Callyspongia sp. was subjected to chemical study. The EtOAc extract of rice fermentation of F46 showed toxicity against brine shrimp. Further isolation yielded seven new phenol derivatives, coleophomones E, F (1, 2), diorcinols L, M (3,4), 1-hydroxy-6-methyl-11-methoxy-8-hydroxymethylxanthone (5), porric acid E (6), and 7-(2-hydroxyphenyl) butane-7,8,9-triol (7), together with ten known compounds (Figure 1). The cytotoxic and COX-2 inhibitory activities of all compounds were evaluated. Details of the isolation structure elucidation, and bioactivity screening of these metabolites are reported herein.

FIGURE 1

Figure 1. Structures of 1–17.

FIGURE 2

Figure 2. Key COSY and HMBC correlations of 1 and 2.

Materials and Methods

General Experimental Procedures

The NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AC 500 NMR (Bruker, Fällanden, Switzerland) spectrometer with TMS as an internal standard. HRESIMS data were measured on a Bruker micro TOF-QII mass spectrometer (Bruker, Fällanden, Switzerland). UV spectra were recorded on a Shimadzu UV-2600 UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). ECD spectra were performed on a Chirascan circular dichroism spectrometer (Applied Photophysics). X-ray diffraction intensity data were collected on a CrysAlis PRO charge-coupled device (CCD) area detector diffractometer with graphite monochromated Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.54178 Å). Semi-preparative reversed-phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) was performed on a YMC-Pack Pro C₁₈ RS column (5 μm, 250 × 10 mm id; YMC, Kyoto, Japan) with a Agilent 1260 separation module equipped with a Photodiode Array (PDA) detector. Silica gel GF254 used for TLC were supplied by the Qingdao Marine Chemical Factory, Qingdao, China. Sephadex LH-20 gel (GE Healthcare, Uppsala, Sweden) was used. Spots were detected on TLC under UV light or by heating by spraying with 12% H₂SO₄ in H₂O.

Fungal Material

The fungal strain SCSIO F46 was isolated from a sponge Callyspongia sp., collected from the sea area near Xuwen County, Guangdong Province, China, during August 2013. The isolate was stored on MB agar (malt extract 15 g, sea salt 10 g, agar 15 g) slants at 4°C and then deposited at CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology. The fungus was identified using a molecular biological protocol by DNA amplification and sequencing of the ITS region. The nucleotide sequence of the ITS region reported in this article was assigned the GenBank accession number KU361223.

Extraction and Isolation

Didymellaceae sp. SCSIO F46 was cultured on MB-agar plates at 25°C for 7 days. The seed medium (malt extract 15 g, sea salt 10 g, distilled water 1,000 mL, pH 7.4–7.8) was inoculated with strain F46 and incubated at 25°C for 72 h on a rotating shaker (170 rpm). Mass scale fermentation of F46 was carried out using solid rice medium in 1,000 mL flasks (rice 200 g, sea salt 2.5 g, distilled water 200 mL), and inoculated with 10 mL of seed solution. Flasks were incubated at 25°C under normal day night cycle. After 30 days, cultures from 30 flasks were harvested. The culture of solid rice medium was soaked in acetone and cut into small pieces and kept for 1 day. The content was filtered and evaporated under vacuum and extracted with EtOAc thrice. The extract was partitioned between petroleum ether, and 90% aqueous MeOH to obtain the crude extract (43.0 g). The crude extract was subjected to silica gel column chromatography (CC) eluted with petroleum ether/EtOAc in a gradient eluent (v/v, 50:1, 30:1, 20:1, 10:1, 5:1, 1:1, 0:1) to obtain 8 fractions (fractions 1–8). Fr. 2 was subjected to ODS CC eluted with MeOH/H₂O in a gradient eluent (1:9, 2:3, 3:2, 4;1, 9:1), to give 3 sub fractions (fr. 2.1–2.3). Fr. 2.2 was further purified by HPLC eluting with MeOH/H₂O (60:40) to afford 9 (5.5 mg), 10 (4.7 mg), and 11 (3.8 mg). Fr. 3 was purified by Sephadex LH-20 (CH₃Cl/MeOH, 1:1) to give 3 sub fractions (fr. 3.1–3.3). Fr. 3.2 was further purified by silica gel CC eluted with petroleum ether/EtOAc in a gradient eluent (v/v, 10:1) to obtain 5 (20.1 mg) and 8 (10.3 mg). Fr. 4 was subjected to an ODS column (MeOH/H₂O: 10–100%) to give 4 sub fractions (fr. 4.1–4.4). Fr. 4.2 was further purified by HPLC eluting with MeOH/H₂O (50:50, 1%0TFA) to afford 3 (20.8 mg). Compounds 16 (20.3 mg) and 17 (43.2 mg) were purified from Fr. 4.4 by HPLC (35% MeCN, 1%0 TFA). Fr.5 was purified by ODS CC (MeOH/H₂O: 10–100%) and HPLC (35% MeCN, 1%0 TFA) to afford 1 (7.4 mg), 2 (4.3 mg) and 6 (5.5 mg). Compound 12 (2.3 mg) was isolated from Fr.6 by an ODS CC and followed by HPLC using 10% MeCN. Fr.7 was subjected to Sephadex LH-20 CC (CH₃Cl/MeOH, 1:1) to provide 4 subfractions (Frs.7.1–7.4). Fr. 7.1 was further purified on HPLC by 25% MeCN (2.5 mL/min) to give 13 (32.3 mg), 14 (43.7 mg). Fr. 7.2 was purified on HPLC by 10% MeCN to give 7 (15 mg). Finally, compounds 15 (4.4 mg) and 4 (3.5 mg) were isolated from Fr.7.3 and Fr. 7.4 by HPLC using 25% MeCN and 30% MeCN, respectively.

Coleophomone E (1): Yellow amorphous solid; [α]25 D+14.1 (c 0.31, MeOH); UV (MeOH) λ_max (log ε) 266 (3.16), 322 (2.25) nm, HRESIMS m/z 343.1541 [M + H]⁺ (calcd for C₂₀H₂₃O₅, 343.1541); ¹H and ¹³C NMR data, Table 1.

TABLE 1

Table 1. ¹H, ¹³C NMR data of 1–4 (500/125 MHz, in DMSO-d₆, δ ppm, and J in Hz).

Coleophomone F (2): Yellow amorphous solid; [α]25 D+13.2 (c 0.46, MeOH); UV (MeOH) λ_max 220 (3.85), 266 (3.20), 313 (2.43) nm, HRESIMS m/z 373.1638 [M + H]⁺ (calcd for C₂₁H₂₅O₆, 373.1646); ¹H and ¹³C NMR data, Table 1.

Diorcinol L (3): Yellow amorphous solid; HRESIMS m/z 289.1070 [M + H]⁺ (calcd for C₁₆H₁₇O₅, 289.1071); ¹H and ¹³C NMR data, Table 1; The structure of 3 have been deposited in the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre as supplementary publication number CCDC 1502322.

Diorcinol M (4): Yellow amorphous solid; HRESIMS m/z 332.1127 [M + H]⁺ (calcd for C₁₇H₁₈NO₆, 332.1129). ¹H and ¹³C NMR data, Table 1.

1-Hydroxy-6-methyl-11-methoxy-8-hydroxymethylxanthone (5): Yellow needle crystals; HRESIMS m/z 287.0913 [M + H]⁺ (calcd for C₁₆H₁₅O₅, 287.0919); ¹H and ¹³C NMR data, Table 2.

TABLE 2

Table 2. ¹H, ¹³C NMR data of 5–7 (500/125 MHz, in CDCl₃, δ ppm, J in Hz).

Porric acid E (6): Colorless needle crystals; HRESIMS m/z 275.0544 [M + H]⁺ (calcd for C₁₄H₁₁O₆, 275.0550); ¹H and ¹³C NMR data, Table 2.

7-(2-Hydroxyphenyl) butane-7,8,9-triol (7): Yellow oil; HRESIMS m/z 221.0781 [M + Na]⁺ (calcd for C₁₀H₁₄NaO₄, 221.0784); ¹H and ¹³C NMR data, Table 2.

ECD Calculation

The eight possible stereoisomers (a-h) of 1 were initially performed using Confab (O'Boyle et al., 2011) with systematic search at MMFF94 force field. Room-temperature equilibrium populations were calculated according to Boltzmann distribution law. The conformers with Boltzmann-population of over 1% were chosen were chosen for ECD calculations using Gaussian 09 (Frisch et al., 2009) software, and the stable conformers were initially optimized at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) in methanol using the IEFPCM model. Vibrational frequency analysis confirmed the stable structures. Under the same condition, the ECD calculation was conducted using Time-dependent Density functional theory (TD-DFT). Rotatory strengths for a total of 30 excited states were calculated. The ECD spectrum was simulated in SpecDis (University of Würzburg) with a half-bandwidth of 0.3–0.4 eV, according to the Boltzmann-calculated contribution of each conformer after UV correction.

NMR Calculation

The two stereoisomers 1e and 1f were delivered to geometry optimization at B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) in gas phase. The theoretical calculation of NMR was conducted using the Gauge-Independent Atomic Orbitals (GIAO) method at mPW1PW91/6-311+G(2d,p) in methanol by the IEFPCM model. Finally, the TMS-corrected NMR chemical shift values were averaged according to Boltzmann distribution for each conformer and fitting to the experimental values by linear regression. The calculated ¹³C-NMR chemical shift values of TMS in methanol were 0 ppm.

Cytotoxicity Assay

The cytotoxic activities of 1-17 were screened against the growth panel of 10 tumor cell lines (K562, MCF-7, A549, Huh-7, H1975, HeLa, HL7702, HL60, MOLT-4, and DU145) (Bergeron et al., 1994) (Supplementary Material).

COX-2 Inhibitory Activity Assay

According to the manufacturer's instructions. The test compounds were dissolved in DMSO and the final concentration was set as 10 μM. The percentage inhibition has been calculated by comparison with control incubations (Tian et al., 2015b) (Supplementary Material).

Results and Discussion

Compound 1 was assigned a molecular formula of C₂₀H₂₂O₅ (10 degrees of unsaturation) by HRESIMS (m/z 343.1541 [M + H]⁺). Its NMR spectra showed resonances for three methyls, two methylenes, two oxygenated sp³ methine, one sp³ quaternary carbon, four sp² methine, six sp² quaternary carbon, and two ketocarbonyl carbons (δ_C 200.1 and 196.9) (Table 1). These data suggested a tricyclic skeleton of 1. The ¹H NMR spectrum exhibited aromatic signals at δ_H 6.84 (s, H-3), 6.63 (s, H-5) indicating the presence of a tetrasubstituted aromatic ring. The HMBC correlations of H-3/C-2, C-4, C-5, C-7, and C-20, H₃-20 (δ_H 2.31, s)/C-4, and C-5, and H-5/C-6, and C-7 suggested a methyl (C-20) and a hydroxy at C-4 and C-6, respectively. The HMBC correlations of H-1 (δ_H 5.50, s)/C-2, C-3, C-4, C-6, C-7, C-8 (δ_C 200.1) and C-9 (δ_C 71.8), and H-5/C-8 indicated linkage of ring B and the connection of C-1 to C-2 and C-7 to C-8. The COSY cross-peaks of H-13 (δ_H 2.61, m) /H-14 (δ_H 4.39, dd, J = 9.2, 5.9 Hz), and H-12 (δ_H 6.33, d, J = 5.9 Hz) delineated the spin system C₁₂-C₁₃-C₁₄. Moreover, the HMBC correlations of H-12/C-10 and C-14, H-13/C-9, C-11, and C-12, and H-14/C-1, C-8 and C-9 indicated the presence of a α,β-unsaturated ketone (ring C) and rings B/C are connected by C-9. Finally, a 2-methyl-2 butene group was attached to C-11 (δ_C 138.4) by the evidence of the HMBC correlations of H₃-18 (δ_H 1.54, s)/C-16 (δ_C 121.3), C-17 (δ_C 132.2), and C-19 and H₂-15 (δ_H 2.72, s)/C-10, C-11, C-12, C-13, C-16, and C-17.

NOESY correlations and Mosher method were failure to determine the configurations of 1, so theoretical calculations were used to solve it. There are eight possible stereoisomers (a-h) of 1, as shown in Figure 3A. Computational studies of electron circular dichroism (ECD) were carried out. All stereoisomers (a–h) were selected for theoretical calculations using time dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) B3LYP/6-311G (d,p) level with the IEFPCM model in MeOH (Tables S1, 2, 4). A comparison of the experimental spectrum of 1 with the calculated ECD spectra of eight possible stereoisomers (a-h) were presented in Figure 3B. The measured ECD curve exhibits two negative Cotton effects (CEs) at 219 and 315 nm, and two positive cotton effects at 238 and 267 nm, matching well with the calculated ECD curve of 1e (1S, 9R, 14S) and 1f (1S, 9R, 14R). Then, computed ¹³C-NMR chemical shifts was carried out to define the stereochemistry of C-14. Computed ¹³C-NMR chemical shifts of each conformer were first Boltzmann-weighted averaged, and then fitted to experimental values by Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) Linear Regression method in order to remove systematic error that results from the conformational search and random error from experimental conditions (Tables S3, 5). As a result, the computed chemical shift for C-14 of 1e is δ_C = 68.7 ppm, with only a deviation of 1.3 ppm from the experimental value (δ_C = 67.4 ppm) (Table S8). All in all, the computed chemical shifts of 1e showed good agreement with the experimental values and has the higher R² and R${}_{\text{adj}}^2$ values than that of 1f, which suggesting that 1e (1S, 9R, 14S) be the true isomer of 1 (Figure 3C, Table S7).

FIGURE 3

Figure 3. Calculated ECD and NMR studies of 1. (A) Eight possible stereoisomers (a-h) of 1. (B) Calculated ECD spectra of configurations a-h were compared with the experimental ECD spectra. (C) Linear regression fitting of calculated ¹³C-NMR chemical shifts of 1e and 1f with experimental values.

The molecular formula of 2 was determined as C₂₁H₂₄O₆ by its HRESIMS (m/z 373.1638 [M + H]⁺), corresponding to 10 units of unsaturation. Its UV and NMR date were similar to those of 1, except for the presence of a methoxy (δ_H 3.72, δ_C 60.6) in 2 (Table 1). The extra methoxy (C-21) was located at C-3 by HMBC correlations from H₃-21 to C-3 (δ_C 148.5) (Figure 2). The absolute configuration of 2 was suggested as (1S,9R,14S), as its chemical shift, coupling constant, optical rotation and CD effect (Table 1, Figure S20) almost the same as those of 1.

The molecular formula of 3 was assigned as C₁₆H₁₆O₅ by its HRESIMS ion peak at m/z 289.1070 [M + H]⁺ and NMR date. The ¹H NMR spectrum of 3 exhibited two hydroxyl proton at δ_H 9.95 and 9.50, five aromatic signals at δ_H 6.41, 6.35, 6.22, and 6.14×xs2, one O-methyl at δ_H 3.67, and two single methyls at δ_H 2.18 and 2.20 (Table 2). Analysis of the ¹³C and DEPT-135 NMR spectra of 3 indicated the presence of 16 carbons, including one carbonyl carbon (δ_C 167.7), 12 aromatic carbons (four oxygenated ones at δ_C 159.7, 158.9, 158.0 and 155.8), one methoxy and two methyls. These spectra of 3 were similar to those of diorcinol (Tian et al., 2015b), except for the presence of a metheyl formate group (one carbonyl carbon at δ_C 167.7 and one methoxy at δ_H 3.67/δ_C 52.2). However, relying solely on the NMR date, the location of metheyl formate was more difficult to determine. In order to determine location of metheyl formate of 3, a single-crystal X-ray diffraction pattern was obtained using the anomalous scattering of Cu Kα radiation shows an ORTEP drawing (Figure 4, Table S9) and unambiguously determined metheyl formate at C-2′. Thus, the structure of 3 was determined, and named as diorcinol L.

FIGURE 4

Figure 4. X-ray crystallographic structure of 3.

Compound 4 was obtained as brown powder. The molecular formula of was determined as C₁₇H₁₇NO₆ by its HRESIMS (m/z 332.1131 [M + H]⁺), which corresponded to ten units of unsaturation. The ¹H and ¹³C NMR data of 4 were similar to those of 3, except for the presence of one amide [δ_C 169.2 (CONH₂)/ δ_H 7.45, 7.35 (CONH₂)] (Table 1). The extra amide was determined at C-2 by the HMBC correlations of H-4, H-6/C-2, as well as H₃-7/C-2, C-3, C-4, and C-10 (Figure 5). Hence, the structure of was elucidated and the trivial name diorcinol M was assigned.

FIGURE 5

Figure 5. Key COSY and HMBC correlations of 3–7.

Compound 5 was isolated as pale yellow needle-like crystals. Its molecular formula was determined to be C₁₆H₁₄O₅, by HR-ESI-MS, indicating 10 degrees of unsaturation. The 1D NMR data (Table 3) of 5 contained resonances for one carbonyl carbon, eight sp² quarternary carbons, four sp² methines, one sp³ methylene, two sp³ methys. Comparison of UV-vis and NMR data with those of 1-Hydroxy-6-methyl-8-hydroxy- methylxanthone (8) revealed a high degree of similarity skeleton, where the only obvious differences is in the presence of one methoxy (δ_H 3.81; δ_C 62.6) and low-field chemical shift of C-7 (from δ_C 127.2 in 8 to 153.5 in 1). Meanwhile, this difference can also be ascribed by the HMBC correlations (Figure 5) of δ_H (3.81, s, H-13) with δ_C (153.5, C-7) and requirements of HRESIMS spectrum. Thus, the structure of 5 was determined and named as 1-hydroxy-6-methyl-11-methoxy-8-hydroxymethylxanthone.

TABLE 3

Table 3. Cytotoxic results of the compounds (IC₅₀, μM).

Compound 6 showed a molecular ion peak at m/z 275.0544 [M + H]⁺ in the HR-ESI-MS, in accordance with the molecular formula C₁₄H₁₀O₆, which was also supported by NMR data. The ¹H NMR data displayed one sharp hydroxy proton singlet (11.84, s, COOH), two aromatic protons at δ_H 7.21 (1H, d, J = 1.5 Hz), 6.71 (1H, s), 6.36 (1H, d, J = 1.5 Hz), and a singlet methyl at δ_H 2.60 (3H, s). The ¹³C and DEPT-135 NMR spectra (Table 2) showed 14 carbons, including one carboxyl group (δ_C 164.2), three aromatic methine carbons (δ_C 116.9, 104.5, 101.0), 11 aromatic quaternary carbons (δ_C 165.5, 164.7, 146.9, 141.6, 138.8, 131.2, 126.5, 109.4, 97.3), and one methyl (δ_C 24.8). The aforementioned NMR data showed 1 was closely related structurally to the porric acid C (Carotenuto et al., 1998). The only difference was the substituent of C-4, the chemical shift to low field of C-4 (δ_C 131.2 in 4; δ_C 101.0 in porric acid C), the HMBC correlation (Figure 5, Table 2) from H-2 (δ_H 6.71, s) to C-3 (δ_C 146.9) and C-4 (δ_C 131.2) requirements of HRESIMS spectrum suggested that a hydroxy proton group was connected to C-4. Thus, the structure of 6 was determined and named porric acid E.

Compound 7 was obtained as a yellow oil. Its HRESIMS gave the molecular formula C₁₀H₁₄O₄, requiring four degrees of unsaturation. The ¹H NMR spectrum (Table 2) exhibited aromatic signals at δ_H 7.29 (dd, J = 7.5, 1.0 Hz, H-5), 7.04 (td, J = 8.0, 2.0 Hz, H-3), 6.77 (t, J = 8.0, Hz, H-4), and 6.72 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, H-2), indicating the presence of a disubstituted aromatic ring. The substitutions of a trihydroxybutyl group (C-7—C-10) and a hydroxy (δ_H 9.33, br.s, OH-6) at C-1 (δ_C 154.3) and C-6 (δ_C 129.8), were assigned by the COSY and HMBC interactions (Figure 5, Table 2).

Biological Activity

Cytotoxic activities of the isolated compounds 1–17 and trichostatin A (TSA, positive control) against 10 tumor cell lines (K562, MCF-7, A549, Huh-7, H1975, HeLa, HL7702, HL60, MOLT-4, and DU145) were tested. Among all of them, 3 displayed a wide range of cytotoxicities with IC₅₀ values in the range of 5.7–68.2 μM, and 8 showed weak selective cytotoxicities against HeLa and HL7702 cells (Table 3). Furthermore, compound 6 displayed COX-2 inhibitory activity with the prominent IC₅₀ values of 3.3 μM. Celecoxib was used as the positive control with IC₅₀ values of 0.01 μM.

Conclusion

In conclusion, 17 phenol derivatives were isolated from the EtOAc extract of a marine sponge-derived fungus Didymellaceae sp. SCSIO F46. Coleophomones E and F (1 and 2) possess unprecedented spiro [cyclohexane-1,2′-inden] moiety, which is relatively seldom in natural products. Other new compounds 3-7 represent common types of phenol derivatives, which are widely found in fungal metabolites. Amongst, compounds 3 and 8 displayed a wide range of cytotoxicities against several tumor cell lines. In addition, 6 displayed significant COX-2 inhibitory activity with the prominent IC₅₀ value of 3.3 μM.

Author Contributions

YT designed the experiments and performed the isolation and characterization of all the compounds and wrote the manuscript. XL performed the isolation and purification of the fungal strain. XZ designed the research work and revised the manuscript. YL contributed in project design and manuscript preparation. All authors reviewed the manuscript and approved for submission.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21502204, 31270402, 21172230, 81741154 and 41476135), the Foundation for Scholars of Fuzhou University (No. XRC-1672, 2017T022), the Scientific and Technological Project of Fuzhou City of Fujian Province (No. 2017-G-39), the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Provincial Department of Education (No. JAT170077), Project from Department of Ocean and Fishery of Guangdong Province (GDME-2018C010), and the Open Project of CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (2018011009) and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica (LMM2018-3).

Supplementary Material

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2018.00536/full#supplementary-material

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