Matthias Schneider1,2*
Varius Dannenberg3
Bernd Opgen-Rhein4Felix Berger2,4Burkert Pieske1,2,5,6Harald Gabriel3Leif-Hendrik Boldt1,5
- 1Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- 2German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- 3Department of Internal Medicine II, Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- 4Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- 5German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany
- 6Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
We report two cases of paradoxical cerebral embolism in adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD) with residual atrial shunt lesions, a 59 year-old male patient with partial detachment of a surgical ASD closure patch, and a 57 year-old male patient with Ebstein’s anomaly and a large patent foramen ovale. Considering these mechanisms and the increasing incidence of venous thrombosis with age, a higher prevalence of paradoxical embolism in ACHD patients with residual atrial shunts may be suspected. Regular follow-up of patients with ACHD remains important throughout life even in seemingly stable lesions.
Introduction
The number of aging adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD) is constantly growing, as are late sequelae in this cohort (1). The risk for ischemic stroke is eleven times higher in young patients with CHD when compared to controls (2), the cumulative risk between the ages of 18 and 64 years is 6–8% (3). The majority of events occur in patients with cyanotic defects and in those without sinus rhythm (4). Arrhythmias are common in ACHD patients (5), in particular there is a high prevalence of atrial arrhythmias (6, 7). While paradoxical embolism via a patent foramen ovale (PFO) is associated with cryptogenic stroke in the general population and PFO closure reduces the rate of subsequent events in selected patients (8–10), up to now cryptogenic stroke has not been investigated systematically in ACHD patients.
Case Presentation
We report two cases of paradoxical cerebral embolism in ACHD patients with residual atrial shunt lesions (Figure 1). The first patient is a 59 year-old male who had received surgical repair of secundum atrial septum defect (ASD) 42 years ago. There were no regular follow-ups after the age of 30, his further medical history was unremarkable, exercise capacity was excellent. The patient presented to our hospital with acute embolic stroke. Transesophageal echocardiography revealed a residual atrial septal defect in the posterior inferior region due to partial detachment of the surgical patch (Figure 2) with spontaneous transfer of ultrasound contrast agent from right to left. The right ventricle was of borderline size, calculated Qp:Qs was 1.4:1. In absence of other reasons for embolic stroke (non-smoker, no dyslipidemia, no arterial hypertension, no history of atrial fibrillation, and unremarkable carotid ultrasound), paradoxical embolism was assumed and interventional closure of the residual atrial septum defect was performed with a 25 mm septal occluder device.
Figure 1. Timeline depicting the medical history of both presented patients. ASD, atrial septum defect.
Figure 2. Case 1, 59 year-old patient with a history of surgical ASD closure with partial detachment of the patch. Residual shunt shown by right-heart contrast agent (A), and by transesophageal echocardiography in 3D (B), 2D (C), and 2D color (D). ASD, atrial septum defect, RA, right atrium.
The second patient is a 57 year-old male with known Ebstein’s anomaly. Exercise capacity had been unchanged for years as were right heart dimensions. This patient also presented with embolic stroke. The patient was a non-smoker, there was no history of dyslipidemia, arterial hypertension, or atrial fibrillation, carotid ultrasound was unremarkable). TEE revealed a large PFO with spontaneous transfer of ultrasound contrast agent from right to left (Figure 3). Paradoxical embolism was assumed and the PFO was closed interventionally with a 25 mm PFO closure device. Exercise capacity remained unchanged after PFO closure.
Figure 3. Case 2, 57 year-old patient with Ebstein’s anomaly. A large PFO is shown via transesophageal echocardiography without (A) and with (B) color Doppler imaging. Interventional septal occluder implantation was performed, the result is shown in panels (C,D). PFO, patent foramen ovale, IAS, inter atrial septum, RA, right atrium.
The two presented cases of paradoxical embolism illustrate that mechanisms of stroke in ACHD patients can be different from those of the general population (e.g., high right atrial pressure in Ebstein’s anomaly, large shunt in partial detachment of ASD patch). Considering these mechanisms and the increasing incidence of venous thrombosis with age (11), a higher prevalence of paradoxical embolism in ACHD patients with residual atrial shunts may be suspected and should be investigated in prospective trials.
Conclusion
With the increasing number of aging ACHD patients, late sequelae not directly related to the initial congenital heart disease significantly influence their morbidity and mortality. Regular follow-up of patients with ACHD remains important throughout life even in seemingly stable lesions.
Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Author Contributions
MS: conceptualization and visualization. MS and VD: writing – original draft preparation. HG, VD, FB, BO-R, BP, and L-HB: writing – review and editing. BP, HG, and L-HB: supervision. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Conflict of Interest
HG was consultant for ABBOTT Medical and GORE Medical.
The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s Note
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Keywords: embolic stroke, adults with congenital heart disease, echocardiography, cardioembolic and cryptogenic stroke, Ebstein anomaly, ASD, case report
Citation: Schneider M, Dannenberg V, Opgen-Rhein B, Berger F, Pieske B, Gabriel H and Boldt L-H (2022) Case Report: Residual Atrial Shunt Lesions in Aging Adults With Congenital Heart Disease: An Underestimated Risk of Stroke? Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 9:847244. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.847244
Received: 01 January 2022; Accepted: 21 February 2022;
Published: 16 March 2022.
Edited by:
Martin Koestenberger, Medical University of Graz, AustriaReviewed by:
Omar R. J. Tamimi, King Fahd Medical City, Saudi ArabiaMichal Odermarsky, Skåne University Hospital, Sweden
Copyright © 2022 Schneider, Dannenberg, Opgen-Rhein, Berger, Pieske, Gabriel and Boldt. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Matthias Schneider, matthias.schneider@charite.de