Lea Youssef Baby ¹ Ryan Sam Bedran ¹ Antonio Doumit ¹ Rima El Hasan ^1,2 Noel Maalouf ^1*

• ¹ School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
• ² Institut de génie Biomédical, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

This scoping review summarizes two emerging electrical impedance technologies: myography (EIM) and tomography (EIT). These methods involve injecting a current into tissue and recording the response at different frequencies to understand tissue properties. The review discusses basic methods and trends, particularly the use of electrodes: EIM uses electrodes for either injection or recording, while EIT uses them for both. Ag/AgCl electrodes are prevalent, and current injection is preferred over voltage injection due to better resistance to electrode wear and impedance changes. Advances in digital processing and integrated circuits have shifted EIM and EIT to digital acquisition, using voltage-controlled current sources (VCCSs) that support multiple frequencies. The review details powerful processing algorithms and reconstruction tools for EIT and EIM, examining their strengths and weaknesses. It also summarizes commercial devices and clinical applications: EIT is effective for detecting cancerous tissue and monitoring pulmonary issues, while EIM is used for neuromuscular disease detection and monitoring. The role of machine learning and deep learning in advancing diagnosis, treatment planning, and monitoring is highlighted. This review provides a roadmap for researchers on device evolution, algorithms, reconstruction tools, and datasets, offering clinicians and researchers information on commercial devices and clinical studies for effective use and innovative research.