Marcel Geromel ^* Philipp Cimiano

• Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany

Sequence labeling is pervasive in natural language processing, encompassing tasks such as Named Entity Recognition, Question Answering, and Information Extraction. Traditionally, these tasks are addressed via supervised machine learning approaches. However, despite their success, these approaches are constrained by two key limitations: a common mismatch between the training and evaluation objective, and the resource-intensive acquisition of ground-truth token-level annotations. In this work, we introduce a novel reinforcement learning approach to sequence labeling that leverages aggregate annotations by counting entity mentions to generate feedback for training, thereby addressing the aforementioned limitations. We conduct experiments using various combinations of aggregate feedback and reward functions for comparison, focusing on Named Entity Recognition to validate our approach. The results suggest that sequence labeling can be learned from purely count-based labels, even at the sequence-level. Overall, this count-based method has the potential to significantly reduce annotation costs and variances, as counting entity mentions is more straightforward than determining exact boundaries.