Editorial: T and B Cell Immune Dynamics in Allergic Response

Mrinmoy Das ¹ Tarun Keswani ^2*

• ¹ Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
• ² Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States

IL-10 and TGF-β, but their role is not fully understood (3). Further research on Tr1 cells could lead to new allergy treatments. A large body of evidence shows that B cells are key players in allergic responses, primarily through the production of IgE antibodies that trigger allergic reactions. In addition to their pivotal role in the pathogenesis of allergies, B cells are also involved in regulation of immune response through antigen presentation, Researchers led by Pablo-Torres et al., (5) uncovered a link between severe allergies, metabolic problems, and impaired immune function. Their study revealed that severe allergic asthma patients have distinct T-cell gene expression profiles, marked by metabolic and immune pathways disruptions, reduced energy production, and increased inflammation. Specifically, genes involved in energy production (oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid oxidation, and glycolysis) were downregulated, while genes coding for inflammatory cytokines (IL-19, IL-23A, and IL-31) were upregulated.Additionally, genes involved in TGF-β pathway, as well as Tregs percentage were downregulated indicating impaired regulatory function in these cohorts of severe allergic asthmatic patients. Notably, in cases of food allergy, the deletion of TGF-β1 in Tregs impaired the differentiation of RORγt+ Treg cells, leading to mast cell expansion in the gut and increased susceptibility to food allergy development (6). These findings shed new light on the complex relationships between immune regulation, metabolism, and severe allergic inflammation, paving the way for novel therapeutic approaches.