Thomas J. Billard
Jeffrey H. D. Cornelius-White
Naiara Ozamiz Etxebarria- 1School of Communication, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
- 2Center for Applied Transgender Studies, Chicago, IL, United States
- 3School of Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, United States
- 4Evolutionary Psychology and Education, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
Editorial on the Research Topic
Anti-transgender prejudice: causes, consequences, and interventions
Public attention to transgender people has increased exponentially in recent decades around the world. Transgender visibility in media and culture has made the populations of many countries more aware (if not more understanding) of trans identities (Billard and Nesfield, 2021). At the same time, the very fact of trans people's existence has been made an issue of political controversy by global far-right movements and, counterintuitively, certain segments of self-proclaimed feminist movements (Bassi and LaFleur, 2022; Billard, 2023, 2024). As a result, the variety and scale of the problems trans people encounter in daily life has increased—problems in urgent need of solutions.
Scholarly attention to transgender people has also increased. However, within the social sciences, studies of trans people have been fragmented—archipelagated across various academic disciplines without dialogue among them—and often motivated by the “novelty” of transgender topics, taking a “current affairs” framing of their significance (Billard, 2019; Billard et al., 2022). Within the humanities, the nascent field of transgender studies has emerged as a robust area of scholarship, but with a firm rooting in critical theoretical and cultural studies traditions and an ideological aversion to empiricism that has prevented the field from addressing the material realities facing trans communities (Billard et al., 2022; Amin, 2023). Meanwhile, medical research on trans people has struggled with a long history of pathologization and a sometimes-problematic funding link between transgender medicine and HIV/AIDS research (Kanamori and Cornelius-White, 2016; Aizura et al., 2020).
Recognizing both the urgency of the problems facing trans people and the need for scholars to mobilize the tools of research to address those problems, some within transgender studies have called for a reorientation of the field toward an “applied transgender studies” (Johnson et al., 2021; Billard et al., 2022; Felt et al., 2022; Hoffmann, 2022; Johnson, 2022). As Felt et al. (2022) summarize this emergent approach, applied transgender studies “merges critical traditions of trans studies with technical and methodological contributions from the social sciences to facilitate work which can improve the material conditions of transgender life” (p. 44). The Center for Applied Transgender Studies in Chicago and its flagship journal, the Bulletin of Applied Transgender Studies, currently serve as venues for advancing this applied vision, but the present Research Topic answers Billard et al. (2022) call for scholars of transgender topics more broadly to join in these efforts.
While the scholarly literature on prejudice against transgender people is robust (e.g., Kanamori and Cornelius-White, 2016, 2017; Kanamori et al., 2017, 2023; Billard, 2018; Ozamiz-Etxebarria et al., 2020), and some has focused on identifying solutions (Gorrotxategi et al., 2020; Smith Nelson and Cornelius-White, 2022), much has not. Thus, we intentionally focused this Research Topic not merely on the “causes” and “consequences” of prejudice, but also on “interventions” to address it. Moreover, we aimed to disentangle the various social and personality dynamics involved in anti-transgender prejudice in a manner that attends to how those dynamics differ across various national and cultural contexts, so as to address the needs of all trans people.
The four articles included in this Research Topic represent a variety of theoretical and methodological approaches to the applied study of anti-transgender prejudice. In the only published article from the Research Topic explicitly focused on interventions, Flores et al. showed that antidiscrimination exercises could help individuals exposed to political advertisements about transgender rights develop less exclusionary attitudes across two survey experiments conducted in the United States. However, of two different antidiscrimination exercises—describing a personal narrative of discrimination and perspective-taking—only one—perspective-taking—was successful in decreasing exclusionary attitudes. Moreover, they found evidence of potential “backfire” effects, particularly among participants who refused to participate in the perspective-taking exercise.
In another article based on two studies conducted in the United States, Totton et al. investigated the role of intentionally and unintentionally disclosing a stigmatized identity in individuals' prejudice toward people with that identity. Comparing the disclosures of atheist and transgender identities, they found that the disclosure of transgender identity resulted in greater levels of prejudice and stronger perceptions of deceptiveness. This effect was further amplified when the disclosure of identity was unintentional, rather than intentional, with perceived deception mediating the relationship between disclosure type (intentional or unintentional) and levels of prejudice.
In a study concerned with visual bias in voice type appraisal, Knight et al. compared the performance of cisgender and transgender participants in distinguishing six voice types (e.g., soprano, bass, etc.). Participants were asked to appraise voice type with audio only, video only, or combined audio-video to assess the degree to which visual cues biased appraisals. Knight et al. found large visual bias across the full range of voice types. Roughly a third of the distance across the appraisal of each voice range (e.g., soprano) was attributed to visual bias. However, this bias was significantly smaller amongst transgender participants than cisgender participants. In other words, transgender participants were able to more accurately assess voice type with less visual bias.
The final study of the Research Topic narrows in on the family, investigating the role of parents' prejudice against their transgender children in those children's experiences of child abuse and subsequent non-suicidal self-injury. Drawing on a survey of trans men and women in the Guangdong province of China, Cao et al. found that trans people's experiences of childhood abuse was associated with greater emotional dysregulation and more self-harm. These findings not only point to the need to address root causes of prejudice to minimize trans youths' experiences of abuse, but also point clinicians to important intervention points for supporting trans people with experiences of abuse in their childhood.
Taken together, the articles included in this Research Topic represent a modest contribution to the collective effort of solving the problem of global anti-transgender prejudice. And prejudice is only one of countless issues facing trans people in need of urgent solutions. We hope these works inspire further scholarship that similarly aims to address the dire realities facing trans communities globally and advances recent developments within the academy that take researchers' responsibilities to trans communities more seriously.
Author contributions
TB: Writing—original draft, Writing—review and editing. JC-W: Writing—original draft, Writing—review and editing. NO: Writing—review and editing.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
References
Aizura, A. Z., Bey, M., Beauchamp, T., Ellison, T., Gill-Peterson, J., and Steinbock, E. (2020). Thinking with trans now. Social Text 38, 125–147. doi: 10.1215/01642472-8680478
Amin, K. (2023). Whither trans studies? A field at a crossroads. TSQ 10, 54–58. doi: 10.1215/23289252-10273224
Bassi, S., and LaFleur, G. (2022). TERFs, gender-critical movements, and postfascist feminisms. TSQ 9, 311–333. doi: 10.1215/23289252-9836008
Billard, T. J. (2018). Attitudes toward transgender men and women: Development and validation of a new measure. Front. Psychol. 9, 387. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00387
Billard, T. J. (2019). Out of the tower and into the field: Fieldwork as public scholarship in the face of social injustice. Int. J. Commun. 13, 3512–3528. Available online at: https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/12581/2733
Billard, T. J. (2023). “Gender critical” discourse as disinformation: Unpacking TERF strategies of political communication. Women's Stu. Commun. 46, 235–243. doi: 10.1080/07491409.2023.2193545
Billard, T. J. (2024). Voices for Transgender Equality: Making Change in the Networked Public Sphere. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Billard, T. J., Everhart, A. R., and Zhang, E. (2022). Whither trans studies? On fields, post-disciplines, and the need for an applied transgender studies. Bulletin of Applied Transgender Studies 1, 1–18. doi: 10.57814/pe84-4348
Billard, T. J., and Nesfield, S. (2021). “(Re)making ‘transgender' identities in global media and popular culture,” in Trans Lives in a Globalizing World: Rights, Identities, and Politics, ed J. M. Ryan (Routledge), 66–89.
Felt, D., Perez-Bill, E., Ruprecht, M. M., Petillo, M., Beach, L. B., Glenn, E. E., et al. (2022). Becoming an LGBTQ+ storyteller: Collecting and using data on gender, sex, and sexual orientation. New Directions for Evaluation 175, 31–52. doi: 10.1002/ev.20518
Gorrotxategi, M. P., Etxebarria, N. O., Extebarria, E. J., and Cornelius-White, J. H. D. (2020). Improvement in gender and transgender knowledge in university students through the creative factory methodology. Front. Psychol. 11, 367. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00367
Hoffmann, A. L. (2022). “Opening remarks [Conference presentation],” in Applied Transation Technology Studies Symposium (Chicago, IL, United States).
Johnson, A. H. (2022). Tipping points and shifting expectations: the promise of applied trans studies for building structural competency. Bullet. Appl. Trans. Stu. 1, 163–177. doi: 10.57814/g3aa-4q62
Johnson, A. H., Rogers, B. A., and Taylor, T. (2021). “The empirical turn in transgender studies,” in Advances in Trans Studies: Moving Toward Gender Expansion and Trans Hope, eds A. H. Johnson, B. A. Rogers, and T. Taylor (London: Emerald), 223–225.
Kanamori, Y., and Cornelius-White, J. H. D. (2016). Big changes, but are they big enough? Healthcare professionals' attitudes towards transgender persons. Int. J. Trans. Health 17, 165–175. doi: 10.1080/15532739.2016.1232628
Kanamori, Y., and Cornelius-White, J. H. D. (2017). Counselors' and counseling students' attitudes toward transgender persons. LGBT Issues Counseling 11, 36–51. doi: 10.1080/15538605.2017.1273163
Kanamori, Y., Jimenez-Etxebarria, E., Cornelius-White, J. H. D., Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., Wynne, K. N., and Gorrotxategi, M. P. (2023). Transgender attitudes and beliefs scale spanish (TABS-s) version: translation and initial evaluation of psychometric properties. J. Homosex. 70, 831–850. doi: 10.1080/00918369.2021.2004797
Kanamori, Y., Pegors, T. K., Cornelius-White, J. H. D., and Hulgus, J. F. (2017). A comparison between self-identified Evangelical Christians' and nonreligious persons' attitudes toward trans-gender persons. Psychol. Sex. Orient. Gender Div. 4, 75–86. doi: 10.1037/sgd0000166
Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., Picaza, M., Jimenez-Etxebarria, E., and Cornelius-White, J. H. D. (2020). Measuring discrimination against transgender people at the University of Basque Country and in a non-university sample in Spain. Int. J. Environ. Res. Pub. Health, 17, 2374. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17072374
Keywords: transphobia, anti-transgender prejudice, voice type, stigmatized identities, trans youth, antidiscrimination education, transgender and gender diverse
Citation: Billard TJ, Cornelius-White JHD and Ozamiz Etxebarria N (2023) Editorial: Anti-transgender prejudice: causes, consequences, and interventions. Front. Psychol. 14:1282109. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1282109
Received: 23 August 2023; Accepted: 29 August 2023;
Published: 12 September 2023.
Edited and reviewed by: Kath Woodward, The Open University, United Kingdom
Copyright © 2023 Billard, Cornelius-White and Ozamiz Etxebarria. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Jeffrey H. D. Cornelius-White, amNvcm5lbGl1cy13aGl0ZSYjeDAwMDQwO21pc3NvdXJpc3RhdGUuZWR1