Federico Salfi
Gianluca Ficca
Elisabet Alzueta3
Nicola Cellini- 1Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
- 2Department of Psychology, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
- 3Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States
- 4Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
Editorial on the Research Topic
Long-term effects of COVID-19 pandemic on sleep and their relationships with mental health
In the 2020–2022 biennium, humankind faced one of the worst public health crises of all time. The SARS-CoV-2 spread posed unprecedented challenges to modern societies, pervasively reshaping the daily life of everyone. The lockdown periods and the subsequent restraining measures deeply impacted the sleep and mental health of the worldwide population (Sousa et al., 2021; AlRasheed et al., 2022), with effects that persisted in the long run (Conte et al., 2021; Salfi et al., 2021). The stressful experience of SARS-CoV-2 infection and hospitalization has been associated with alarming rates of post-traumatic symptoms among COVID-19 survivors (Nagarajan et al., 2022). Moreover, social distancing drove a large-scale transition to a new working approach named remote working, inevitably affecting people's sleep quality and habits (Massar et al., 2021; Salfi et al., 2022). The studies collected in the present Research Topic, each distinct in its focus, converge to offer a holistic understanding of the pandemic impact on sleep, mental wellbeing, and their intricate interplay.
Massar et al. study dives into the dynamics of remote work, meticulously tracking the sleep and activity patterns of 225 Singaporean adults across three distinct pandemic phases (from August 2021 to January 2022). The investigation showed a significant shift in sleep routines among remote workers. Bedtime and wake-up time were delayed, and sleep duration increased when people worked from home. However, these changes were coupled with a significant decrease in physical activity—a concern that warrants thoughtful consideration when defining remote working policies in the post-pandemic era.
Saalwirth and Leipold delve into the complexities of chronic stress, unveiling its relationship with wellbeing indicators. The study employed a web-based survey to explore sleep quality and psychological symptoms among 480 German adults evaluated during the third COVID-19 infection wave (March–May 2021). The findings indicated that poor sleep quality was linked to heightened psychological symptoms. Notably, the study spotlighted financial worries as the dominant predictor of sleep quality, emotional wellbeing, and life satisfaction, fearing possible long-term implications of the pandemic when considering the triggered economic crisis.
The work of Hu et al. adds to a consistent body of research addressing the relationship between sleep and the psychological wellbeing of the younger population during the COVID-19 emergency. Employing a stratified cluster sampling approach, the study highlighted how lower sleep quality was associated with emotional/behavioral symptoms and social adaptation difficulties in a large sample of 6,363 Chinese college students assessed in September–December 2021.
Finally, Rapelli et al. case study addressed a timely research topic, proposing the application of Imagery Rehearsal Therapy (IRT) to treat COVID-related nightmares in a woman with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection and consequent intensive care unit admission. The therapy led to diminished nightmare frequency and intensity, improved sleep quality, and trauma-related positive psychological changes. Overall, the study showed a promising pathway for addressing psychological distress born from severe illness and consequent hospitalization, with large-scale implications for the millions of COVID-19 survivors showing post-traumatic symptoms (Nagarajan et al., 2022).
In May 2023, the World Health Organization declares the end of the COVID-19 emergency phase. However, as evidenced by the growing literature in which this Research Topic is inserted, the sequelae of the pandemic period could accompany us for a long time. In this view, several questions remain unsolved and further studies should be performed for understanding the far-reaching impacts of the passed emergency scenario. May remote working represent an ideal approach to tackling the sleep-loss epidemic in our society (Chattu et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2023)? Considering the well-documented bidirectionality between sleep ad psychological disturbances (Alvaro et al., 2013), which is the primary antecedent of the relationship in a pandemic context? May the promotion of healthy sleep habits and the application of sleep interventions mitigate the psychological impact of the SARS-CoV-2 infection?
Although the present Research Topic is now closed, we look forward to seeing other special issues like this born in the future. Further studies are necessary to provide a long-range overview of the inextricable relationship between sleep and mental health in the post-pandemic era.
Author contributions
FS: Writing—original draft, Writing—review and editing. GF: Writing—review and editing. EA: Writing—review and editing. NC: Writing—review and editing.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank the authors who contributed to this Research Topic and to all the reviewers whose comments enhanced the research and manuscript quality.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision.
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
References
AlRasheed, M. M., Fekih-Romdhane, F., Jahrami, H., Pires, G. N., Saif, Z., Alenezi, A. F., et al. (2022). The prevalence and severity of insomnia symptoms during COVID-19: A global systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis. Sleep Med. 100, 7–23. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2022.06.020
Alvaro, P. K., Roberts, R. M., and Harris, J. K. (2013). A systematic review assessing bidirectionality between sleep disturbances, anxiety, and depression. Sleep 36, 1059–1068. doi: 10.5665/sleep.2810
Chattu, V. K., Manzar, M. D., Kumary, S., Burman, D., Spence, D. W., and Pandi-Perumal, S. R. (2018). The global problem of insufficient sleep and its serious public health implications. Healthcare 7, 1. doi: 10.3390/healthcare7010001
Conte, F., Cellini, N., de Rosa, O., Rescott, M. L., Malloggi, S., Giganti, F., et al. (2021). Dissociated profiles of sleep timing and sleep quality changes across the first and second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. J. Psychiatr. Res. 143, 222–229. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.09.025
Massar, S. A. A., Ng, A. S. C., Soon, C. S., Ong, J. L., Chua, X. Y., Chee, N. I. Y. N., et al. (2021). Reopening after lockdown: The influence of working-from-home and digital device use on sleep, physical activity, and wellbeing following COVID-19 lockdown and reopening. Sleep 45, zsab250. doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsab250
Nagarajan, R., Krishnamoorthy, Y., Basavarachar, V., and Dakshinamoorthy, R. (2022). Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder among survivors of severe COVID-19 infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Affect. Disord. 299, 52–59. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.11.040
Salfi, F., D'Atri, A., Amicucci, G., Viselli, L., Gorgoni, M., Scarpelli, S., et al. (2022). The fall of vulnerability to sleep disturbances in evening chronotypes when working from home and its implications for depression. Sci. Rep. 12, 12249. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-16256-6
Salfi, F., D'Atri, A., Tempesta, D., and Ferrara, M. (2021). Sleeping under the waves: A longitudinal study across the contagion peaks of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. J. Sleep Res. 30, e13313. doi: 10.1111/jsr.13313
Sousa, G. M. d., Tavares, V. D. d., O de Meiroz Grilo, M. L. P., Coelho, M. L. G., Lima-Araújo, G. L. d., Schuch, F. B., et al. (2021). Mental health in COVID-19 pandemic: a meta-review of prevalence meta-analyses. Front. Psychol. 12, 703838. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.703838
Keywords: sleep disturbances, mental health, psychological symptoms, pandemic, COVID-19
Citation: Salfi F, Ficca G, Alzueta E and Cellini N (2023) Editorial: Long-term effects of COVID-19 pandemic on sleep and their relationships with mental health. Front. Psychol. 14:1281604. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1281604
Received: 22 August 2023; Accepted: 24 August 2023;
Published: 12 September 2023.
Edited and reviewed by: Gianluca Castelnuovo, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Italy
Copyright © 2023 Salfi, Ficca, Alzueta and Cellini. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Federico Salfi, RmVkZXJpY28uc2FsZmkmI3gwMDA0MDt1bml2YXEuaXQ=; Nicola Cellini, Tmljb2xhLmNlbGxpbmkmI3gwMDA0MDt1bmlwZC5pdA==