Vasileios Stavropoulos
Rabindra Ratan
Kwan Min Lee- 1Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, VIC, Australia
- 2Department of Media and Information, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- 3User-Experience Lab, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
Editorial on the Research Topic
User-Avatar Bond: Risk and Opportunities in Gaming and Beyond
The proliferation and advancement of gaming and social media applications with embedded virtual reality features, such as virtual worlds and avatars, have significantly enhanced the potential for these media technologies to attract and engage users, alongside broadening usage and popularity (Stavropoulos et al., 2021). Nevertheless, concerns have also emerged about the perils to well-being arising from excessive usage and addiction-like behaviors (Colder Carras et al., 2021). Along this line, research continues to examine how the use of virtual reality enriched, and/or gamified applications, may either enhance or undermine one's wellbeing (Kruzan and Won, 2019; Stavropoulos et al., 2020; Houwelingen-Snippe et al., 2021). To respond to such questions and interpret users' adaptive and/or maladaptive trajectories, scholars aim to demystify the interplay between influences related to the user, their real-life surroundings, and the application itself (Stavropoulos et al., 2021; Lee and Lee, 2022; Ratan et al., 2022). Within this context, the avatar, or self-representation of the human user that facilitates engagement in a mediated environment (Nowak and Fox, 2018), has captivated scholar interest. While the term “avatar” originated from the Sanskrit “avatāra”, meaning the re-incarnation of Hindu spirits in terrestrial form (Bailenson and Blascovich, 2004), it has become a central element of modern virtual experiences in which users control virtual entities resembling themselves in physical, behavioral, and/or psychological ways (Lee, 2004). Contributing to this line of inquiry as editors of a Frontiers Research Topic, we have assembled a collection of studies focused on the notion of the user-avatar bond (UAB).
The UAB relates to multiple previous areas of avatar-related research. Their many theoretical constructs have been developed to describe users' psychological connections with their avatars, such as embodiment (Kilteni et al., 2012; Peck and Gonzalez-Franco, 2021), monadic identification (Klimmt et al., 2010), polythetic identification (Downs et al., 2019), self-presence (Biocca, 1997; Ratan, 2012), avatar-self relevance (Ratan and Dawson, 2016), and the player-avatar relationship typology (Banks, 2015). Although distinct in name, these constructs often contain overlapping concepts, such as embodiment as a facet of avatar identification (Van Looy et al., 2012). As such, for this Research Topic we use the umbrella concept of UAB to include any research that involves any notions of a psychological association between the user and avatar, allowing us to focus on the notable correlates of such inter-connections. For example, multiple studies have found that when users customize their avatars, they experience an increased sense of closeness with them, which enhances their identification, enjoyment, and other outcomes of use (Hefner et al., 2007; Trepte and Reinecke, 2010; Birk et al., 2016; Kang and Kim, 2020; Koulouris et al., 2020). Further, sense of embodiment likely plays a role in the Proteus effect, of the phenomenon that an avatar's characteristics influence the user's subsequent behaviors (Yee and Bailenson, 2007, 2009; Ratan et al., 2020). Thus, while the individual's real-life background and knowledge, either directly and/or indirectly, predicate the avatar's formation, the avatar can also influence the user's conduct outside of the virtual world in subtle, although significant ways (e.g., distorted perceptions, cognitions, and even non-deliberate actions Ortiz de Gortari and Gackenbach, 2021; Navarro et al., 2022).
Research on the UAB is essential to developing an understanding of how avatar use may impact individual users specifically, as well as on the broad scale. In that extent, the UAB has been associated with both negative and positive outcomes, varying from disordered gaming vulnerability to improvements in e-health and cyber-education applications (Mastorci et al., 2020; Mkrttchian et al., 2020; Stavropoulos et al., 2020; Szolin et al., 2022). For instance, tendencies to identify with, embody, and even idealize the avatar potentially underpin the ability for games to help users battle depression and anxiety or develop dexterities necessary for professional performance (Peña et al., 2020). Ironically, the same engaging properties have been proposed to explain the UAB's contribution to disordered gaming patterns (Stavropoulos et al., 2019, 2020).
To address this complex dynamic, the present Research Topic includes a set of 14 studies coming from widely different, though contemporaneously complimentary perspectives. These articles capture recent global advancements in the field, deriving from Singapore (Chen et al.), the USA (Alon et al.; Banks and Bowman; Huang-Isherwood and Peña; Jeong et al.; Prettyman and Bolls; Wang et al.; Lynch et al.), Korea (Ahn et al.; Erb et al.), Canada (Czerwonka et al.) and Taiwan (Lin and Wu; Lin et al.). Furthermore, the studies informing this Research Topic reflect the current methodological diversity embraced by leading UAB scholars, including model-driven literature reviews (Lynch et al., 2022), thematic analysis (Erb et al.) and a series of advanced experimental and quantitative designs (Alon et al.; Chen et al.; Lin and Wu; Lin et al.; Prettyman and Bolls). Subsequently, the range of analytical protocols operationalizing the various methods employed, include the parallel assessment of physical and virtual kinematics (Jeong et al.), semantic network analysis (Banks and Bowman), ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions (Wang et al.), analysis of variance and independent sample t-tests (Huang-Isherwood and Peña), mediation modeling (Ahn et al.), and a novel avatar-affordances framework analysis (Czerwonka et al.).
Such methodological and analytical wealth allows the results of the present Research Topic to significantly expand the available knowledge surrounding both (1) the conceptualization and the multifaceted description and (2) the applicability of the UAB. Indicatively, and considering the UAB concept, (1a) major underlying themes of “tolerance”, “malleability” and “flexibility” were revealed (Erb et al.), and (1b) a new skilled-driven theoretical scaffolding of UABs was introduced (Lynch et al., 2022). Considering means contributing to the multifaceted UAB description, (1c) a ground-breaking creative method blending physical and virtual kinematics to portray the bond was introduced (Jeong et al.), while (1d) universal and idiosyncratic player-avatar relationship patterns were differentiated (Banks and Bowman). Despite these, (1e) avatar customization options in exergames were found to limit players from presenting the way they may have liked in the virtual world (Czerwonka et al.), challenging UAB's independence from real-world existing social biases. Considering the practical usage of the UAB, promising application domains related to (2a) physical activity, (2b) morality/risky behaviors, (2c) sexual identity and (2d) minorities' acceptance emerged. In relation to physical activity in particular, (2a1) the utilization of cartoon-avatars, that resemble children's body type, was shown to enhance engagement with active video games, leading to an increase in physical activity motivation (Alon et al.). Relatedly, (2a2) participants' gender and age were found to influence the effect of avatar body depiction on exercise engagement (Lin et al.; Lin and Wu). Together, these studies suggest that the interaction of user and avatar identity characteristics play an important role in the Proteus effect, potentially through mechanisms of social (e.g., upward) comparison. Considering morality, (2b1) an avatar's perceived morals were found to effect players' guilt and attributional responses (Ahn et al.), while (2b2) the UAB was found to influence feelings of guilt after committing game-simulated violent acts (Huang-Isherwood and Peña). Similarly, (2b3) identification with avatars in a virtual dating game was associated with choosing less sexually risky behaviors (Wang et al.). Considering sexual identity, (2c1) more strongly sex-typed participants were found to be more motivated by higher sex-salient avatars, as reflected by skin conductance and facial electromyography assessments during gameplay (Prettyman and Bolls). Finally, considering minorities' acceptance, (2d1) outgroup-member avatar embodiment was found to effectively improve the reception of immigrants (Chen et al.).
Despite the significant knowledge attained and the progress made, obstacles in maximizing the benefits and minimizing the risks related to the employment of UAB persist. A vast proportion of researchers continue to approach UAB from either a positive and/or a negative point of view without addressing the continuum of adaptive-to-maladaptive applications that avatar use may accommodate (Stavropoulos et al., 2021). There is a scarcity of multilevel UAB studies, examining within- and between-individual differences, whilst taking into consideration customization and application effects, as Lynch et al. would propose. A variety of psychometric scales assessing UAB experiences have been employed, limiting inevitably the comparability of international findings. The employment of modern methodologies, such as network analysis in the context of semantics (Banks and Bowman) and the comparative study of real and virtual kinematics (Jeong et al.) remain rare. Finally, interdisciplinary collaborations between communication, health, and allied health UAB researchers are present only in a minority of studies.
In this context, our conclusion is 2-fold. First, irrespective of proclamations on the “positive” and/or “negative” nature of UAB, more consistent measurement and conceptualization approaches surrounding the composition and structure of the UAB are needed, so that future studies' findings may be adequately compared and integrate to inform practice. Secondly, we must recognize that the communication-related, psychological, and information-science, past and present advancements in the field of UAB will provide the basis for future research and practice in our society's impending metaverse era.
Author Contributions
VS and RR contributed to the literature review, the structure, and sequence of theoretical arguments. KL contributed to the theoretical consolidation of the current work, revised, and edited the final manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Funding
VS was funded by the Australian Research Council Discovery Early Career Researcher Award DE210101107.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's Note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank the AT&T endowment to the Media and Information Department at MSU for supporting Dr. Ratan's AT&T Scholar position. AT&T was not involved in the collection, analysis, interpretation of data, the writing of this article or the decision to submit it for publication.
References
Bailenson, J. N., and Blascovich, J. (2004). “Avatars”, in Encyclopedia of human-computer interaction. Berkshire Publishing Group.
Banks, J.. (2015). Object, me, symbiote, other: A social typology of player-avatar relationships. First Monday. doi: 10.5210/fm.v20i2.5433
Biocca, F.. (1997). The cyborg's dilemma: progressive embodiment in virtual environments. J. Comput. Med. Commun. 3, JCMC324. doi: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.1997.tb00070.x
Birk, M. V., Atkins, C., Bowey, J. T., and Mandryk, R. L. (2016). “Fostering intrinsic motivation through avatar identification in digital games”, in Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, p. 2982–2995. doi: 10.1145/2858036.2858062
Colder Carras, M., Stavropoulos, V., Motti-Stefanidi, F., Labrique, A., and Griffiths, M. D. (2021). Draconian policy measures are unlikely to prevent disordered gaming. J. Behav. Addict. 10, 849–853. doi: 10.1556/2006.2021.00075
Downs, E., Bowman, N. D., and Banks, J. (2019). A polythetic model of player-avatar identification: Synthesizing multiple mechanisms. Psychol. Popular Media Cult. 8, 269–279. doi: 10.1037/ppm0000170
Hefner, D., Klimmt, C., and Vorderer, P. (2007). “Identification with the player character as determinant of video game enjoyment”, in International Conference on Entertainment Computing 2007, p. 39–48. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-74873-1_6
Houwelingen-Snippe, V., Ben Allouch, S., and Van Rompay, T. J. (2021). Virtual reality representations of nature to improve well-being amongst older adults: a rapid review. J. Technol Behav. Sci. 6, 464–485. doi: 10.1007/s41347-021-00195-6
Kang, H., and Kim, H. K. (2020). My avatar and the affirmed self: psychological and persuasive implications of avatar customization. Comput. Hum. Behav. 112, 106446. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2020.106446
Kilteni, K., Groten, R., and Slater, M. (2012). The sense of embodiment in virtual reality. Pres. Teleoperat. Virt. Environ. 21, 373–387. doi: 10.1162/PRES_a_00124
Klimmt, C., Hefner, D., Vorderer, P., Roth, C., and Blake, C. (2010). Identification with video game characters as automatic shift of self-perceptions. Media Psychol. 13, 323–338. doi: 10.1080/15213269.2010.524911
Koulouris, J., Jeffery, Z., Best, J., O'Neill, E., and Lutteroth, C. (2020). “Me vs. Super(wo)man: effects of customization and identification in a VR exergame”, in Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Honolulu HI: USA. doi: 10.1145/3313831.3376661
Kruzan, K. P., and Won, A. S. (2019). Embodied well-being through two media technologies: Virtual reality and social media. New Media Soc. 21, 1734–1749. doi: 10.1177/1461444819829873
Lee, J. G., and Lee, K. M. (2022). Polite speech strategies and their impact on drivers' trust in autonomous vehicles. Comput. Hum. Behav. 127, 107015. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2021.107015
Lee, K. M.. (2004). Presence, explicated. Commun. Theory. 14, 27–50. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2885.2004.tb00302.x
Mastorci, F., Bastiani, L., Trivellini, G., Doveri, C., Vassalle, C., and Pingitore, A. (2020). A new integrated approach for adolescent health and well-being: the AVATAR project. Health Quality Life Outc. 18, 1–9. doi: 10.1186/s12955-020-01291-6
Mkrttchian, V., Kharicheva, D., Aleshina, E., Panasenko, S., Vertakova, Y., Gamidullaeva, L. A., et al. (2020). Avatar-based learning and teaching as a concept of new perspectives in online education in Post-Soviet Union countries: Theory, environment, approaches, tools. Int. J. Virt. Pers. Learn. Environ. 10, 66–82. doi: 10.4018/IJVPLE.2020070105
Navarro, J., Peña, J., Cebolla, A., and Baños, R. (2022). Can avatar appearance influence physical activity? User-avatar similarity and Proteus effects on cardiac frequency and step counts. Health Commu. 37, 222–229. doi: 10.1080/10410236.2020.1834194
Nowak, K. L., and Fox, J. (2018). Avatars and computer-mediated communication: a review of the definitions, uses, and effects of digital representations. Rev. Commun. Res. 6, 30–53. doi: 10.12840/issn.2255-4165.2018.06.01.015
Ortiz de Gortari, A. B., and Gackenbach, J. (2021). Game transfer phenomena and problematic interactive media use: dispositional and media habit factors. Front. Psychol. 12, 1144. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.585547
Peck, T. C., and Gonzalez-Franco, M. (2021). Avatar embodiment. a standardized questionnaire. Front. Virt. Real. 1, 44. doi: 10.3389/frvir.2020.575943
Peña, J., Li, B. J., and Ratan, R. (2020). Digital embodiment and improving health outcomes: healthy avatars make for healthy people. In Technology and Health. Academic Press. pp. 27–47. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-816958-2.00002-2
Ratan, R., Beyea, D., Li, B. J., and Graciano, L. (2020). Avatar characteristics induce users' behavioral conformity with small-to-medium effect sizes: a meta-analysis of the proteus effect. Media Psychol. 23, 651–675. doi: 10.1080/15213269.2019.1623698
Ratan, R., and Dawson, M. (2016). When Mii is Me: a psychophysiological examination of avatar self-relevance. Commun. Res. 43, 1065–1093. doi: 10.1177/0093650215570652
Ratan, R., Miller, D. B., and Bailenson, J. N. (2022). Facial appearance dissatisfaction explains differences in zoom fatigue. Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw. 25, 124–129. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2021.0112
Ratan, R. A.. (2012). “Self-presence, explicated: Body, emotion, and identity extension into the virtual self”, in R. Luppicini (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Technoself, 322–336. New York, NY: IGI Global. doi: 10.4018/978-1-4666-2211-1.ch018
Stavropoulos, V., Dumble, E., Cokorilo, S., Griffiths, M. D., and Pontes, H. M. (2019). The physical, emotional, and identity user-avatar association with disordered gaming: a pilot study. Int. J. Mental Health Addic. 20, 183–195. doi: 10.1007/s11469-019-00136-8
Stavropoulos, V., Gomez, R., Mueller, A., Yucel, M., and Griffiths, M. (2020). User-avatar bond profiles: How do they associate with disordered gaming?. Addict. Behav. 103, 106245. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106245
Stavropoulos, V., Motti-Stefanidi, F., and Griffiths, M. D. (2021). Risks and opportunities for youth in the digital era. Eur. Psychol. 27, 86–101. doi: 10.1027/1016-9040/a000451
Szolin, K., Kuss, D., Nuyens, F., and Griffiths, M. (2022). Gaming Disorder: A systematic review exploring the user-avatar relationship in videogames. Comput. Human Behav. 128, 107124. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2021.107124
Trepte, S., and Reinecke, L. (2010). Avatar creation and video game enjoyment. J. Media Psychol. 22, 171–184. doi: 10.1027/1864-1105/a000022
Van Looy, J., Courtois, C., De Vocht, M., and De Marez, L. (2012). Player identification in online games: Validation of a scale for measuring identification in MMOGs. Media Psychol. 15, 197–221. doi: 10.1080/15213269.2012.674917
Yee, N., and Bailenson, J. (2007). The Proteus effect: The effect of transformed self-representation on behavior. Human Commun. Res. 33, 271–290. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.2007.00299.x
Keywords: user-avatar bond, virtual reality, gaming, identification, embodiment
Citation: Stavropoulos V, Ratan R and Lee KM (2022) Editorial: User-Avatar Bond: Risk and Opportunities in Gaming and Beyond. Front. Psychol. 13:923146. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.923146
Received: 19 April 2022; Accepted: 27 April 2022;
Published: 23 May 2022.
Edited and reviewed by: Anton Nijholt, University of Twente, Netherlands
Copyright © 2022 Stavropoulos, Ratan and Lee. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Vasileios Stavropoulos, dmFzaWxpc3N0YXZyb3BveWxvczgwJiN4MDAwNDA7Z21haWwuY29t