Part of this article's content has been mentioned in:
Psychedelics and Psychotherapy: Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches as Default
John Burton
Austin Ratner2- 1Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- 2Committee on Public Information, American Psychoanalytic Association, New York, NY, United States
- 3Department of Psychiatry, New York University, New York, NY, United States
A Commentary on
Psychedelics and psychotherapy: Cognitive-behavioral approaches as default
by Yaden, D., Earp, D., Graziosi, M., Friedman-Wheeler, D., Luoma, J., and Johnson, M. (2022) Front. Psychol. 13:873279. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.873279
Introduction
We are writing to express our concern regarding the recently published article, “Psychedelics and Psychotherapy: Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches as Default.” We support the authors' efforts to address the issue of standards of care in the rapidly emerging field of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. However, we find fundamental problems with the argument that Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT) is a pre-eminent choice in the practice of psychedelic therapy. Contrary to the authors' assertion, we suggest that any such effort to declare a “default” psychotherapy reveals an unscientific, even polemical, bias.
The unscientific basis for CBT as “Default”
The authors assert CBT's scientific supremacy, but in their eagerness, they neglect scientific methods. CBT should, of course, be considered among the psychotherapeutic platforms used in psychedelic therapies, but no single platform can credibly lay claim to “default” status prior to collecting substantial supportive evidence. To date, no comparative studies of psychotherapy platforms have been conducted in the field of psychedelics. Varying, not restricting, the available treatment regimens is essential to compare effectiveness, but the authors recommend restricting the psychotherapeutic approach to their preferred methodology in advance of persuasive data. They justify their recommendation with the assertion that psychoanalytic psychotherapy is unscientific, while CBT carries an empirical “gold-standard” status. Both assumptions are demonstrably false.
The authors' assertion that psychoanalytic psychology is out of date is itself remarkably out of date. Their claim that psychoanalytic psychology lacks supportive evidence is itself lacking in supportive evidence. To make their case, the authors cite work over 40 years old (Eysenck and Wilson, 1973) and exhume philosophy professor Karl Popper's hoary 1920 argument that all psychoanalytic ideas are “non-falsifiable,” an argument rejected by subsequent philosophers of science, including Hempel (1965) and Grunbaum (1984). The authors continue their parochial agenda by attributing false centrality to a theory of “birth trauma,” as if that outdated, peripheral theory contaminates all ideas in mainstream psychoanalysis.
The evidence for psychoanalysis
In the nearly half century since Eysenck, Wilson, and Beck decried the paucity of psychoanalytic research, neuroscience has validated core psychoanalytic concepts, including unconscious emotion and defense mechanisms (Solms, 2018). Copious research now exists on psychoanalytic efficacy (Gerber et al., 2011). There is robust evidence that psychoanalytic psychotherapy is as effective as CBT and probably has longer-lasting results (Steinert et al., 2017).
Within the psychedelic research literature itself, functional neuroimaging has begun to show an empirical basis for Freud's structural theory of the mind and a correlation between modern neurophysiological models of the Default Mode Network and the psychoanalytic concept of the Ego (Carhart-Harris et al., 2014). The authors dismiss Carhart-Harris's rigorous and meticulous work as a mere “claim.”
With increasing frequency, meanwhile, researchers have in recent years questioned CBT's claim to “gold-standard” status (Leichsenring and Steinert, 2017; Wampold et al., 2017). That claim deserves particular scrutiny in the new context of psychedelic psychotherapy. Psychedelics alter the contents of consciousness. CBT does not address, in theory or in practice, the dynamic relations between conscious and unconscious states. Psychoanalytic psychology, by contrast, was founded on the study of these relations. Psychedelics instigate complex changes in patients' attitudes to self and others that are conceivably best understood and supported with psychoanalytic models. Attempting to short-circuit exploration of a role for psychoanalytic psychotherapy in conjunction with psychedelics is not only unscientific, it is not in the best interest of patients.
Discussion
Why would the emerging field of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy rigidly limit itself to one “default” therapeutic model, except for ideological and emotional reasons? The authors' rush to claim the new territory of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for CBT as “default” demonstrates how such claims to “gold-standard” status sometimes do not serve a scientific agenda, but instead do a disservice to patients and practitioners alike.
We offer the above comments not to disparage CBT as a viable and effective model of treatment, but to flag the problem of activism and bias masquerading as science. Especially in the new and exciting field of psychedelic therapy, it is important not to prematurely reject valuable tools, such as psychoanalytic psychology, in order to support one particular agenda and denigrate others.
Author contributions
JB, AR, and TC made initial contributions to the manuscript. AR wrote the first draft. JG provided subsequent contributions and collaborated with JB and AR to create the final version. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's note
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References
Carhart-Harris, R. L., Leech, R., Hellyer, P. J., Shanahan, M., Feilding, A., Tagliazucchi, E., et al. (2014). The entropic brain: a theory of conscious states informed by neuroimaging research with psychedelic drugs. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 8, 20. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00020
Eysenck, H. J., and Wilson, G. D. (1973). The Experimental Study of Freudian Theories. London: Methuen.
Gerber, A., Kocsis, J. H., Milrod, B. L., Roose, S. P., Barber, J. P., Thase, M. E., et al. (2011). A quality-based review of randomized trials of psychodynamic psychotherapy. Am. J. Psychiatry. 168, 19–28. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.08060843
Grunbaum, A. (1984). The Foundations of Psychoanalysis. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 103.
Leichsenring, F., and Steinert, C. (2017). Is Cognitive behavioral therapy the gold standard for psychotherapy? The need for plurality in treatment and research. JAMA. 318, 1323–1324. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.13737
Solms, M. (2018). The scientific standing of psychoanalysis. BJPsych. Int. 15, 5–8. doi: 10.1192/bji.2017.4
Steinert, C., Munder, T., Rabung, S., Hoyer, J., and Leichsenring, F. (2017). Psychodynamic therapy: As efficacious as other empirically supported treatments? A meta-analysis testing equivalence of outcomes. Am. J. Psychiatry. 174, 943–953. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17010057
Keywords: psychoanalysis, CBT, psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, psychodynamic psychotherapies, ACT, DBT, psychedelics, psychodynamic psychiatry
Citation: Burton J, Ratner A, Cooper T and Guss J (2022) Commentary: Psychedelics and psychotherapy: Cognitive-behavioral approaches as default. Front. Psychol. 13:1020222. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1020222
Received: 16 August 2022; Accepted: 16 September 2022;
Published: 30 September 2022.
Edited by:
Stig Poulsen, University of Copenhagen, DenmarkReviewed by:
Susanne Lunn, University of Copenhagen, DenmarkCopyright © 2022 Burton, Ratner, Cooper and Guss. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: John Burton, drjohn@johnkburtonmd.com