Yolanda Quiles1*
María José Quiles1
Eva María León1
María Roncero2
Álvaro Ruiz1
Maite España3Cristina Romero4
Vicente Elvira4- 1Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health, University Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
- 2Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatments, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- 3Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- 4Unit of Eating Disorders, University Hospital of San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
Introduction: One of the major problems with inpatient treatment of adolescent girls with an eating disorder (ED) is that the strategies learned during their hospital stay are not easily applied or maintained in their daily lives, and this has been related to high rates of relapse and readmission. The ECHOMANTRA programme was developed to optimize outcomes during and following inpatient or day-patient treatment. ECHOMANTRA is based on interventions for carers (Experienced Carers Helping Others, ECHO) and patients (Maudsley Model of Anorexia Nervosa Treatment for Adults, MANTRA) and is developed from the cognitive interpersonal model of anorexia (Schmidt and Treasure, 2006; Treasure and Schmidt, 2013). This study aims to describe the study protocol of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) for evaluating the efficacy of an adaptation of a novel intervention for patients and carers (ECHOMANTRA) to be implemented as an add-on to treatment-as-usual (TAU).
Method: In a multi−center pilot RCT, 80 female adolescent patients with a DSM-5 diagnosis of an ED and their carers will be invited to participate in the study. They will then be randomized to receive either the ECHOMANTRA intervention as an add-on to TAU or TAU alone. A repeated measures design will be conducted across four time points. Primary outcomes will be patient psychological well-being and eating disorder symptoms, and secondary outcomes will include body mass index, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, perfectionism, motivation to change and psychosocial adjustment. For carers, outcome variables will include psychological well-being, expressed emotion, accommodation and enabling behaviors, burden, and care skills.
Discussion: The results from this trial will establish the effectiveness of ECHOMANTRA and may reveal whether and to what extent this novel intervention can optimize outcomes during and following inpatient treatment. This study will also provide the adaptation of the ECHOMANTRA in the Spanish context for inpatient/day-care treatment.
Introduction
Eating disorders (ED) are extremely complex multi-causal mental health illnesses, which have serious medical complications and especially affect adolescents and young women (López and Treasure, 2011). The most frequent diagnosis in adolescents is Other Specified Feeding and Eating Disorder (OSFED) followed by Anorexia Nervosa (AN) and finally Bulimia Nervosa (BN) (Swanson et al., 2011). These disorders are characterized by serious symptoms as well as a high degree of comorbidity and mortality (Nordbo et al., 2012; Saldaña et al., 2014; Fichter and Quadflieg, 2016); consequently, patients need to be hospitalized on many occasions. One of the major problems with hospital treatment is that although these patients learn strategies during their hospital stay, they have difficulty in being able to apply and maintain them in their daily lives. As a result, there is a high rate of relapses and readmissions, which have been related to resistance to treatment, low motivation to change, severe pretreatment caloric restriction, low body mass index and higher occupational and social stress (Fairburn, 2008; Kaplan et al., 2009; Grilo et al., 2012; Hoang et al., 2014; Morris et al., 2015; Vall and Wade, 2015). A recent meta-analysis study found that the risk of relapse is especially high during the first year after the end of treatment (Berends et al., 2018; Khalsa et al., 2017). High relapse rates reveal the need to optimize patient treatments after hospital admissions by supporting inpatient/day care and community transition through promising targeted psychological interventions (Bryan et al., 2021).
In response to this, Dr. Janet Treasure’s team developed the ECHOMANTRA intervention programme, as a means of facilitating the transition from inpatient hospital treatment to daily life and to the community (Treasure and Schmidt, 2013; Treasure et al., 2015; Cardi et al., 2017). This programme is based on scientific evidence that demonstrates that interventions directed at these patients as well as their carers improve the outcomes in these patients’ health. Involving the family in the treatment of ED is a key strategy in their recovery and it also strengthens patients’ social networks and eliminates their isolation and loneliness, which contribute to maintaining the disorder (Levine, 2012; Treasure and Nazar, 2016; Sepúlveda et al., 2020). A study was recently published with the preliminary results of ECHOMANTRA intervention with AN inpatients and their carers in the United Kingdom (Adamson et al., 2019). A case series study was employed using a mixed-methods approach to measure the feasibility and efficacy of augmenting intensive hospital treatment with ECHOMANTRA. Results showed that patients’ symptomatology improved after the ECHOMANTRA intervention and was maintained in the follow-up. In addition, there was a reduction in carer burden and an improvement in skills, so it was concluded that the efficiency of hospital attention for ED can be increased by preparing both patients and their carers for the transition after hospitalization.
ECHOMANTRA consists of an intervention programme for ED carers (ECHO; Experienced Carers Helping Others; Treasure et al., 2015) and another programme for patients (MANTRA, Schmidt et al., 2014). MANTRA is recommended for the treatment of adults outpatients with AN (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence [NICE], 2017). It is based on the Cognitive Interpersonal Maintenance model of AN (Schmidt et al., 2014), which was developed as a proposed theoretical framework that would synthesize the most important internal and interpersonal maintaining factors of this disorder. MANTRA intervenes in the emotional regulation and eating behavior of these patients, putting a special emphasis on behavior change strategies. This programme focuses on the steps that will help patients thrive in their transition from inpatient care to daily life as well as generating cognitive and behavior changes and strengthening relationships with their family and social groups. It is a flexible treatment programme which directly involves patients in the therapeutic process. To date, it has not been applied to adolescents with an ED; however, some of its characteristics might be especially beneficial to them. In fact, it has been published the study protocol of a recent research that analyses the feasibility, acceptability and efficacy of the MANTRA treatment programme for adolescents patients (Wittek et al., 2021). MANTRA includes content that is prevalent and important to address across the spectrum of ED and in adolescent patients.
The ECHO part of the intervention focuses on carers. Based on the Model of Carer Coping (Treasure et al., 2003), this part of the programme reveals the different aspects that influence coping which can be problematic for carers as they represent sources of psychological distress. The programme provides assistance, support and training for carers to enable them to cope with their role. It teaches them how to reduce and manage their expressed emotion and symptom accommodation, and to deal with difficult and problematic situations that arise. In addition, ECHO teaches skills for positive communication and behavior change so carers will be able to support their loved ones in their recovery. Different studies using the ECHO have shown that the intervention in both the adult and adolescent groups led to a moderate reduction in time spent caring and also in bed use. Moreover, through this programme there was a small to moderate improvement in the wellbeing of both carers and patients in the intervention group (Hibbs et al., 2015a; Magill et al., 2016; Hodsoll et al., 2017). Our research group applied an intervention programme based on the ECHO to carers of ED patients in Spain. The results obtained showed that carers who participated in the programme improved their levels of well-being, reducing carer burden, psychological distress, and expressed emotion. In addition, only patients whose carers participated in the programme reduced their levels of anxiety, depression, and psychological distress while no change occurred in patients whose carers participated in the control group (Pérez-Pareja et al., 2014; Quiles Marcos et al., 2018). A recent review study analyzing the effectiveness of treatments for carers of ED patients concluded that ECHO also provides an intervention that can reduce service costs (Treasure et al., 2021).
The aim of this paper is to describe the study protocol of a randomized control trial (RCT) aimed at evaluating the efficacy of a novel intervention for patients and carers, called ECHOMANTRA, adapted to be used as an add-on to treatment-as-usual (TAU; inpatient treatment or intensive day-care treatment) compared to TAU alone.
Hypotheses
• Patients from the experimental group (TAU + ECHOMANTRA) will show significantly greater improvements in health outcomes (body mass index, ED symptoms, psychological well-being, psychosocial adjustment, perfectionism, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, motivation to change), and other efficacy indicators as readmission, in comparison to patients from the control group.
• The efficacy of the combined intervention (TAU + ECHOMANTRA) will be stable in the short (6 months) and middle term (9 months).
• Carers from the experimental group will present a better psychological well-being and lower illness accommodation, expressed emotion and burden in comparison to carers from the control group.
• Carers from the experimental group will have more ED carer skills in comparison to carers from the control group.
Methods and Analyses
This study has been registered on the ISRCTN registry (Trial Identifier: ISRCTN43554732). CONSORT 2010 for parallel group randomized trials (Schulz et al., 2010) is specifically observed in reporting this trial.
Study Design and Procedure
This is a multi-center, pilot, randomized, controlled, blind, superiority study with two parallels groups. Assignment to the control or experimental group will carry out using a computer-generated randomized sequence, with1:1 treatment allocation. The research assistant at each center will conduct a semi-structured interview to evaluate participants and confirm fulfillment of the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Patients who are receiving ED treatment (either as inpatients or day-patients) and fulfill the inclusion criteria, will be invited to participate in the study together with a carer. By “carer” we refer to someone who usually takes care of the patient outside the hospital/day-center and lives with her. Patients and carers will receive detailed information on the study and will be asked for a written informed consent to be able to participate. After submitting the consent form, participants will be invited to complete the baseline questionnaires and will then be randomly assigned to either (1) ECHOMANTRA in addition to TAU or (2) TAU only (see Figure 1). The ECHOMANTRA-guided skills-sharing intervention will include materials and eight online sessions (one per week) for carers and patients, while treatment duration will be 8 weeks.
Figure 1. Study design flow diagram.
Participants
Patients
Patients will be recruited from three different specialist inpatient/day-patient eating disorder units (Eating Disorders Inpatient Unit at the San Juan Hospital; CREA, Centre for emotional and nutritional recovery, Eating Disorders Day Centre; ADANER, Association for the defense of AN and BN care, Eating Disorders Day Centre). This study will involve adolescent girls who have received an eating disorder diagnosis according to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) criteria (American Psychiatric Association, 2013), including diagnoses of AN, BN, and OSFED. The inclusion criteria will be as follows: (1) aged between 12 and 19, (2) no psychiatric comorbidity, (3) receiving treatment for ED in a specialist inpatient/day-patient ED unit, (4) a family member willing to participate in the study and (5) ability to manage an electronic device (e.g., mobile phone, computer, laptop or tablet) and the Internet in order to access the online sessions, (6) a native Spanish speaker or understands native level Spanish. Patients will be asked to nominate a carer to whom the researcher will invite to participate in the trial. One carer per patient will be permitted, and this should be a primary carer, somebody who usually takes care of the patient outside the hospital/day-center and lives with her.
Carers
For carers/family members the inclusion criteria will be as follows: (1) living with the patient and (2) not suffering from a serious medical or psychiatric condition (this information will be assessed through a self-report) and (3) ability to access an electronic device (e.g., mobile phone, computer, laptop or tablet) and the Internet in order to access the online sessions and (4) a native Spanish speaker or understands native level Spanish.
Randomization
After screening and consent, patients and their carers will be randomized as a dyad using a randomized computer-generated sequence. A full randomization procedure macro will be applied saving the “seed” (SEED = 13012021) to reproduce the exact selection. Randomization will be facilitated by S. L., a colleague from the Behavioral Sciences and Health Department, who will be not involved in this study. Once the allocation has been assigned, no changes can be made. Those randomized to the intervention arm (ECHOMANTRA plus TAU) will have access to the intervention materials.
Sample Size
An intention-to-treat method will be used to calculate sample size, considering the hypotheses for the primary outcome variables. Power calculations will be based on power determination for longitudinal designs with attrition (Hedeker et al., 1999), an alpha of 0.05, four assessment points (with baseline serving as a covariate), dropout rate of 40% and a fixed autoregressive coefficient of 0.40. A group size of 40 patients per group would provide 80% power with a bilateral p < 0.05 to detect a clinically significant change in eating pathology (overall Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire, EDE-Q, of 0.45 points), assuming a standard deviation of one for the overall EDE-Q change scores (Hedeker et al., 1999), and also to detect a difference in mean weight gain of one Body Mass Index (BMI) point, which, based on previous research, would be clinically important to detect (Agras et al., 2000; Byrne et al., 2017). Therefore, if a sample loss of approximately 40% is taken into account, the participation of at least 70 participants per group will be required.
Interventions/Treatment Arms
Treatment as Usual
We have chosen not to use a standardized comparison treatment as this would require practical changes in different settings and resource management (including training, supervision and quality control), which will not be feasible. We have therefore chosen to allow centers to follow their own procedures for TAU. We will stratify our analyses by center, which will be adjusted accordingly for any bias.
For TAU inpatient care, the Eating Disorder Unit at the San Juan Hospital will provide a programme using a multidisciplinary team approach (dietician, psychologist, physician and nurse). It will include monitoring of physical risks, nutritional rehabilitation, education on healthy eating and nutrition patterns. Besides it will try to modify/improve thoughts, attitudes, behaviors and feelings that maintain the illness through psychological therapy. Once a patient has stabilized and reached a healthy body mass index, she is discharged. She is then either followed up to assess her progress and to facilitate transition to home or she is referred to a day care center.
Treatment-as-usual in the day care centers (ADANER and CREA) will involve multidisciplinary treatment including dietetic support, psychological interventions, school education, and when appropriate, sessions with psychiatrists. Patients will receive the following psychological interventions: weekly individual cognitive behavioral therapy for eating disorders (CBT-ED); and psychoeducational group therapy on nutrition, emotion management, body image, social skills and problem-solving strategies. Usually, patients attend every day of the week (from Monday to Friday) for an average of 6 h. They receive psychological intervention sessions and they also make the different meals of the day. Parents/carers can also access a fortnightly parent support group.
The TAU-only (control condition) group will have no access to the intervention materials or the ECHOMANTRA intervention sessions. At the end of the study, individuals randomized to the TAU-only condition will be offered the self-help components of the intervention.
Treatment-as-Usual Plus Patient and Carer Skills-Sharing Intervention (ECHOMANTRA)
In the experimental group, the adaptation of the ECHOMANTRA programme will be implemented. The contents of the intervention will be translated into the Spanish language and adapted to a Spanish-speaking cultural context.
Patients
Based on the interpersonal model of AN, the “MANTRA” part of the ECHOMANTRA intervention addresses patients’ modifiable characteristics, such as difficulties in emotional regulation, interpersonal relationships and eating. The intervention includes a workbook with an emphasis on specific behavioral change strategies. The workbook is organized into eight chapters that correspond to the contents of the eight sessions of the programme.
MANTRA will involved eight, weekly, individual online sessions lasting 60 min, which will be delivered by assistant psychologists trained by the first and principal authors of the study (YQ and MJQ). During the sessions, the trained psychologist will encourage patients to reflect on the information and exercises proposed in the workbook. They will also carry out a series of activities taken from the MANTRA programme to further develop the contents included in the corresponding chapter of the workbook.
Each session will be themed following the structure of the patient workbook. Specifically, the focus of each session will be as follows: the first and second sessions will be on psychoeducation and motivation to change; the third session will be on skills to develop acceptance and self-compassion; the fourth and fifth sessions will be on skills to improve social functioning and to explore thinking styles; the sixth session will be on emotion management; and the seventh and eighth sessions will be on planning for the transition through goal setting, use of social support and implementation intentions.
For a more detailed description of the exercises, see Schmidt et al. (2014).
Carers
Carers allocated to the intervention group will receive a carer workbook.
ECHO will involve eight, weekly, individual online sessions, lasting 60 min, which will be delivered by assistant psychologists trained by the first and principal authors of the study (YM and MJS). During the sessions, the trained psychologist will encourage discussion about the information and exercises proposed in the workbook. In addition, for a deeper understanding of the contents of each session presented in the workbook, carers will read and do activities from the book “Skills based caring for a loved one with an eating disorder: The New Maudsley Method” (Treasure et al., 2011). (Spanish version: Los trastornos de la alimentación: guía práctica para cuidar de un ser querido Treasure et al., 2011). These sessions will also include some of the video-clips from the Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) for carers “How to Care for Someone with an Eating Disorder”1. This DVD includes practical strategies and techniques to help carers develop skills and knowledge to help their loved one move toward recovery and to look after their own wellbeing by following the “New Maudsley Approach.”
This book and the DVD are designed to help carers develop self-reflective skills in order to develop confidence, compassion and the courage to take risks. Both resources will show them how to experiment with changes in their caring behavior so they can be more helpful to a loved one suffering from an eating disorder.
The workbook and online sessions will provide a skills training programme that includes training in stress management, communication (based on motivational interviewing techniques), strategies to reduce accommodation and expressed emotion and to increase extinction training and new habits at home via effective social support.
Outcomes
Patients
This study will consider primary and secondary outcomes measured at the four evaluation points: baseline (T0), post-intervention (T1), 3-month follow-up (T2) and 6-month follow-up (T3).
The following will be assessed as primary measures: ED symptomatology and psychological well-being. Secondary outcomes will include the following: body mass index (BMI), psychosocial adjustment, perfectionism, obsessive-compulsive symptomatology, motivation to change and hospital readmission. All outcomes and the instruments to be used are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Outcomes and measures/instruments.
Clinical Assessment
The health care providers at the day care center or the 24-h hospital unit will submit the following information on the patient: BMI from monthly clinical measurement and up to 9 months post-randomization, diagnosis, age at onset of disorder, evolution of illness over time (duration), admissions prior to current one, comorbidity and readmission after being discharged.
Carers
For carers the following outcome measures will be considered: emotional state, expressed emotion, impact from and accommodation to eating symptoms, coping skills, and parents’ perceived efficacy in dealing with the ED (see Table 1).
Patients and carers in the ECHOMANTRA-plus- TAU (treatment) arm will complete a “Participant Feedback Form.” It is a self-report measure created ad hoc for completion at the end of the intervention. It will assess participants’ experiences and satisfaction with the study. They will be asked to provide their views regarding: what they found beneficial and/or challenging, what they enjoyed and/or did not like, the transferability of ECHOMANTRA skills to their routine, and their suggestions for further improvements to the intervention.
Blinding
Given the nature of the study design, all participants and therapists will be aware of the treatment condition.
The person responsible for creating the sequence of randomization will not belong to the research team and will not have other role in this research project. The researcher responsible for making the analyses will be a specialist in statistical methodology and only will participate in this aspect of the study. The research assistant who administers the assessment at each time period will not deliver the intervention. The statistician will be blinded to the condition allocated to the patient and their carer.
Statistical Analysis
Firstly, a covariance analysis (ANCOVA) will be carried out using the pre-test scores as a covariate to analyze the impact of the combined intervention. Secondly, a repeated measures analysis of variance will be used to analyze the short and medium-term efficacy of the combined intervention in comparison to the usual intervention between and within groups at different time points, and effect size values will also be considered. Stratification will be performed in the analyses by the admission center and “diagnosis” variable will be controlled. IBM SPSS Statistics 24.0 will be used for all the analyses (IBM Corp, 2016).
Discussion
The treatment of eating disorders should include patients and carers in order to improve patients’ outcomes and adherence (Treasure and Nazar, 2016). In this sense, ECHOMANTRA is an intervention that can improve outcomes during and following intensive care for adolescents with AN (Cardi et al., 2017; Adamson et al., 2019). ECHOMANTRA should reduce patients’ distress and eating disorder symptoms. For carers, outcomes have been related to a reduction in distress and an improvement in their skills.
ECHOMANTRA is protocolized in eight sessions, so it can be replicated in different contexts, such as a day hospital or inpatient unit. It was designed to be affordable, scalable, and to potentially have a wide reach (Cardi et al., 2017). Treatment sessions will be developed online, which will allow both patients and family members to adapt their learning and improvement in therapeutic skills to their daily routine in order to increase engagement. This design will make it possible to overcome some of the obstacles that make it difficult for participants to adhere, especially carers.
This is a multi-center trial, which will take place in two different types of services (day hospital and inpatient unit). It will allow us to evaluate intervention effectiveness according to the therapeutic context and its impact on the generalizability of the data. Also, MANTRA was originally developed for adult AN patients. This study will examine the usefulness of the MANTRA treatment programme for adolescents with other EDs and not just AN, thereby enhancing current knowledge about potential treatments for these patients.
This trial has some limitations. Firstly, two questionnaires that will be used in this RCT, the EDQL and the “Parents vs Anorexia Questionnaire” are not validated in the Spanish population. As a result, our team will validate them. Another limitation is that not only AN patients will receive the MANTRA protocol, but it will also be received by BN and those with OSFED. Another limitation is the fact that we have translated all the original protocols into Spanish, and we will use them without a previous pilot study. Another limitation is the possible difficulties for both members of the dyad (patient and carer) to be involved in the intervention during all sessions. To facilitate the adherence of both, the schedule for each of the sessions will be agreed on individually with each of the participants. Finally, special attention will be paid to possible difficulties in maintaining adherence in the control group. To this end, they will be offered the self-help components of the intervention at the end of the study.
The strengths of this study will be the randomized control study design and protocolized therapist guidance during the intervention. Moreover, individualized interventions for patients and carers reinforce trial soundness.
Clinical implications will be related to improving psychological treatment for ED disorders. In our opinion, findings from the ECHOMANTRA trial will be able to optimize inpatient/day-patient treatment and improve our knowledge about the factors that maintain the illness for those with a severe and enduring ED. An additional benefit could be found in the assessment of MANTRA’s effectiveness for BN and OSFED and not only for AN.
Finally, this paper outlines the protocol for a study that should improve treatment in ED patients. We have outlined the components of the ECHOMANTRA intervention and have clearly stated the research methodology as recommended in CONSORT 2010 guidelines (Schulz et al., 2010).
Data Availability Statement
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.
Ethics Statement
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Ethics Committee of University Hospital of San Juan of Alicante, and Ethics Committee of University Miguel Hernández of Elche. Written informed consent to participate in this study was provided by the participants’ legal guardian/next of kin.
Author Contributions
YQ spearheaded the design of the trial protocol and development of intervention materials in collaboration with MQ, EL, MR, ÁR, ME, CR, and VE. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Funding
This trial was funded by the Alicia Koplowitz Foundation.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s Note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank all the patients, their carers, and staff at ADANER of Murcia, CREA and Eating Disorders Unit of University Hospital of San Juan of Alicante.
Footnotes
References
Adamson, J., Cardi, V., Kan, C., Harrison, A., Macdonald, P., and Treasure, J. (2019). Evaluation of a novel transition support intervention in an adult eating disorders service: ECHOMANTRA. Int. Rev. Psychiatr. 31, 382–390. doi: 10.1080/09540261.2019.1573721
Agras, W. S., Walsh, B. T., Fairburn, C. G., Wilson, G. T., and Kraemer, H. C. (2000). A multicenter comparison of cognitive behavioral therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 57, 459–466.
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edn. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
Bados, A., Solanas, A., and Andrés, R. (2005). Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of depression, anxiety and stress scales (DASS). Psicothema 17, 679–683.
Berends, T., Boonstra, N., and van Elburg, A. (2018). Relapse in anorexia nervosa. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry 31, 445–455. doi: 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000453
Bryan, D. C., Cardi, V., Willmott, D., Teehan, E. E., Rowlands, K., and Treasure, J. (2021). A systematic review of interventions to support transitions from intensive treatment for adults with anorexia nervosa and/or their carers. Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev. 29, 1–16. doi: 10.1002/erv.2824
Byrne, S., Wade, T., Hay, P., Touyz, S., Fairburn, C. G., Treasure, J., et al. (2017). A randomised controlled trial of three psychological treatments for anorexia nervosa. Psychol. Med. 47:2823. doi: 10.1017/S0033291717001349
Cardi, V., Ambwani, S., Robinson, E., Albano, G., MacDonald, P., Aya, V., et al. (2017). Through Guidance Online from Peer and Carer Expertise (TRIANGLE): study Protocol. Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev. 25, 512–523.
Carral-Fernández, L., Sepulveda, A. R., del Barrio, A. G., Graell, M., and Treasure, J. (2013). The Spanish validation of an Eating Disorders Symptom Impact Scale (EDSIS) among caregivers. Psychiatry Res. 209, 626–631. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.02.019
Castro, J., Gila, A., Gual, P., Lahortiga, F., Saura, B., and Toro, J. (2004). Perfectionism dimensions in children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa. J. Adolesc. Health 35, 392–398. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2003.11.094
Engel, S. G., Wittrock, D. A., Crosby, R. D., Wonderlich, S. A., Mitchell, J. E., and Kolotkin, R. L. (2006). Development and psychometric validation of an eating disorder-specifichealth-related quality of life instrument. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 39, 62–71. doi: 10.1002/eat.20200
Fairburn, C. G. (2008). Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Eating Disorders. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Fairburn, C. G., and Beglin, S. J. (1994). Assessment of eating disorders: interview or self-report questionnaire? Int. J. Eat. Disord. 16, 363–370.
Fichter, M. M., and Quadflieg, N. (2016). Mortality in eating disorders-results of a large prospective clinical longitudinal study. Int J. Eat. Disord. 49, 391–401. doi: 10.1002/eat.22501
Foa, E. B., Huppert, D., Leiberg, S., Langner, R., Kichic, R., Hajcak, G., et al. (2002). The Obsessive-compulsive inventory: development and validation of a short version. Psychol. Assess. 14, 485–496.
González, A. E. M., Piqueras, J. A., and Marzo, J. C. (2011). Validación del inventario de obsesiones y compulsiones revisado (OCI-R) para su uso en población adolescente española. An. de Psycol. 27, 763–773.
Grilo, C. M., Pagano, M. E., Stout, R. L., Markowitz, J. C., Ansell, E. B., Pinto, A., et al. (2012). Stressful life events predict eating disorder relapse following remission: six-year prospective outcomes. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 45, 185–192. doi: 10.1002/eat.20909
Hedeker, D., Gibbons, R. D., and Waternaux, C. (1999). Sample size estimation for longitudinal designs with attrition: comparing time-related contrasts between two groups. J. Educ. Behav. Stat. 24, 70–93. doi: 10.2307/1165262
Hibbs, R., Magill, N., Goddard, E., Rhind, C., Raenker, S., Macdonald, P., et al. (2015a). Clinical effectiveness of a skills training intervention for caregivers in improving patient and caregiver health following in-patient treatment for severe anorexia nervosa: pragmatic randomised controlled trial. BJPsych Open 1, 56–66. doi: 10.1192/bjpo.bp.115.000273
Hibbs, R., Rhind, C., Salerno, L., Lo Coco, G., Goddard, E., Schmidt, U., et al. (2015b). Development and validation of a scale to measure caregiver skills in eating disorders. Int. J. Eat. Disor. 48, 290–297. doi: 10.1002/eat.22362
Hoang, U., Goldacre, M., and James, A. (2014). Mortality following hospital discharge with a diagnosis or eating disorder: national record linkage study, Englan, 2001-2009. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 47, 507–515. doi: 10.1002/eat.22249
Hodsoll, J., Rhind, C., Micali, N., Hibbs, R., Goddard, E., Nazar, B. P., et al. (2017). A pilot, multicentre pragmatic randomised trial to explore the impact of carer skills training on carer and patient behaviours: testing the cognitive interpersonal model in adolescent anorexia nervosa. Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev. 25, 551–561.
IBM Corp (2016). IBM Corp. Released 2016. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
Kaplan, A. S., Walsh, B. T., Olmsted, M., Attia, E., Carter, J. C., Devlin, M. J., et al. (2009). The slippery slope: prediction of successful weight maintenance in anorexia nervosa. Psychcol. Med. 39, 1037–1045. doi: 10.1017/S003329170800442X
Khalsa, S., Portnoff, L., McCurdy-McKinnon, D., and Feusner, J. (2017). What happens after treatment? A systematic review of relapse, remission, and recovery in anorexia nervosa. J. Eat. Disord. 5:20. doi: 10.1186/s40337-017-0145-3
Levine, M. P. (2012). Loneliness and eating disorders. J. Psychol. 146, 245–257. doi: 10.1080/00223980.2011.606435
López, C., and Treasure, J. (2011). Trastorno de la Conducta alimentaria: descripción y manejo. Rev. Med. Clín. Condes 22, 85–97.
Lovibond, P. F., and Lovibond, S. H. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. Sidney, NSW: Psychology Foundation of Australia.
Magill, N., Rhind, C., Hibbs, R., Goddard, E., Macdonald, P., Arcelus, J., et al. (2016). Two-year follow-up of a pragmatic randomised controlled trial examining the effect of adding a carer’s skill training intervention in inpatients with anorexia nervosa. Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev. 24, 122–130.
Morris, J., Simpson, A. V., and Voy, S. J. (2015). Length of stay of inpatients with eating disorders. Clin. Psychol. Psychother. 22, 45–53. doi: 10.1002/cpp.1865
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence [NICE] (2017). Eating Disorders: Recognition and Treatment, NICE guideline. London: NICE.
Nordbo, R., Espeset, E., Gulliksen, K., Skardorud, F., Geller, J., and Holte, A. (2012). Reluctance to recover in anorexia nervosa. Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev. 20, 60–67.
Peláez-Fernández, M. A., Labrador, F. J., and Raich, R. M. (2012). Validation of Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q)-Spanish version–for screening eating disorders. Spanish J. Psychol. 15, 817–824. doi: 10.5209/rev_SJOP.2012.v15.n2.38893
Pérez-Pareja, B., Quiles, Y., Romero, C., Pamies-Aubalat, L., and Quiles, M. J. (2014). Malestar psicológico y emoción expresada en cuidadores de pacientes con un trastorno de la conducta alimentaria. An. de Psycol. 30, 37–45.
Quiles Marcos, Y., Quiles Sebastián, M. J., Escolano Herrera, M., Sanmartín, R., and Treasure, J. (2018). Testing carer skill training programs in Spanish carers of patients with eating disorders. Psicothema 30, 295–303. doi: 10.7334/psicothema2017.368
Quiles Marcos, Y., Quiles Sebastian, M. J., Pamies Aubalat, L., Sepulveda Garcia, A. R., and Treasure, J. (2016). The spanish validation of the accommodation and enabling scale for eating disorders among carers: a pilot study. Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev. 24, 62–68. doi: 10.1002/erv.2378
Rhodes, P., Baillie, A., Brown, J., and Madden, S. (2005), Parental efficacy in the family-based treatment of anorexia: preliminary development of the Parents Versus Anorexia Scale (PVA). Eur. Eat. Dis. Rev. 13, 399–405. doi: 10.1002/erv.661
Saldaña, E., Quiles, Y., Martín, N., and y Salorio, M. J. (2014). La iracomo factor comórbido a los problemasinterpersonales y de desajusteemocional en pacientes con un trastorno de la conductaalimentaria. ActasEspPsiquiatr. 5, 228–233.
Schmidt, U., and Treasure, J. (2006). Anorexia nervosa: valued and visible. A cognitive-interpersonal maintenance model and its implications for research and practice. Br. J. Clin. Psychol. 45, 343–366. doi: 10.1348/014466505x53902
Schmidt, U., Wade, T. D., and Treasure, J. (2014). The Maudsley Model of Anorexia Nervosa Treatment for Adults (MANTRA): development, key features, and preliminary evidence. J. Cogn. Psychother. 28, 48–71. doi: 10.1891/0889-8391.28.1.48
Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., and Moher, D. (2010). CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. Ann. Int. Med. 152, 726–732.
Sepúlveda, A. R., Anastasiadou, D., Rodríguez, L., Almendros, C., Andrés, P., Vaz, F., et al. (2014). Spanish validation of the Family Questionnaire (FQ) in families of patients with an eating disorder. Psicothema 321–327. doi: 10.7334/psicothema2013.310
Sepúlveda, A. R., Kyriacou, O., and Treasure, J. (2009). Development and validation of the accommodation and enabling scale for eating disorders (AESED) for caregivers in eating disorders. BMC Health Serv. Res. 9:171. doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-9-171
Sepúlveda, A., Moreno, A., and Beltran, L. (2020). Actualización de las intervenciones dirigidas al contexto familiar en los trastornos del comportamiento alimentario: El rol de los padres. Revista de Psicoterapia 31, 49–63. doi: 10.33898/rdp.v31i115.355
Sepúlveda, A. R., Whitney, J., Hankins, M., and Treasure, J. (2008). Development and validation of an Eating Disorders Symptom Impact Scale (EDSIS) for carers of people with eating disorders. Health Qual. Life Outcomes 6, 28–36. doi: 10.1186/1477-7525-6-28
Swanson, S. A., Crow, S. J., Le Grange, D., Swendsen, J., and Merikangas, K. R. (2011). Prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in adolescents. Results from the national comorbidity survey replication adolescent supplement. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 68, 714–723. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.22
Treasure, J., and Nazar, B. P. (2016). Interventions for the Carers of Patients With Eating Disorder. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 18:16. doi: 10.1007/s11920-015-0652-3
Treasure, J., and Schmidt, U. (2013). The cognitive-interpersonal maintenance model of anorexia nervosa revisited: a summary of the evidence for cognitive, socio-emotional and interpersonal predisposing and perpetuating factors. J. Eat. Disord. 1:13. doi: 10.1186/2050-2974-1-13
Treasure, J., Gavan, K., Todd, G., and Schmidt, U. (2003). Changing the environment in eating disorders: working with carers/families to improve motivation and facilitate change. Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev. 11, 25–37. doi: 10.1002/erv.485
Treasure, J., Parker, S., Oyeleye, O., and Harrison, A. (2021). The value of including families in the treatment of anorexia nervosa. Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev. 29, 393–401. doi: 10.1002/erv.2816
Treasure, J., Rhind, C., Macdonald, P., and Todd, G. (2015). Collaborative care: the new maudsley model. Eat. Disord. 23, 366–376. doi: 10.1080/10640266.2015.1044351
Treasure, J., Schmidt, U., and Crane, A. (2011). Los trastornos de La Alimentación: Guía Práctica Para Cuidar De Un Ser Querido. Bilbao: Desclée de Brouwer.
Vall, E., and Wade, T. D. (2015). Predictors of treatment outcome in individuals with eating disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 48, 946–971. doi: 10.1002/eat.22411
Vintró-Alcaraz, C., Mestre-Bach, G., Steward, T., Lozano-Madrid, M., Agüera, Z., Jiménez-Murcia, S., et al. (2018). Validation of the Caregiver Skills (CASK) scale in Catalonia: concordance between caregivers in attitudes and behaviours. Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev. 26, 329–336. doi: 10.1002/erv.2604
Wiedemann, G., Rayki, O., Feinstein, E., and Hahlweg, K. (2002). The family questionnaire: development and validation of a new self-report scale for assessing expressed emotion. Psychiatry Res. 109, 265–279. doi: 10.1016/s0165-1781(02)00023-9
Keywords: eating disorders, adolescents, skills sharing, carer skills, randomized controlled trial
Citation: Quiles Y, Quiles MJ, León EM, Roncero M, Ruiz Á, España M, Romero C and Elvira V (2021) Adaptation and Implementation of an Intervention Programme on Spanish Carers and Adolescent Patients With an Eating Disorder: Study Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Front. Psychol. 12:697916. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.697916
Received: 20 April 2021; Accepted: 20 September 2021;
Published: 22 October 2021.
Edited by:
Ana Rosa Sepúlveda, Autonomous University of Madrid, SpainReviewed by:
Dimitra Anastasiadou, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), SpainJuan Manuel Mancilla-Diaz, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico
Copyright © 2021 Quiles, Quiles, León, Roncero, Ruiz, España, Romero and Elvira. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Yolanda Quiles, y.quiles@umh.es