Perception of the Sports Social Environment After the Development and Implementation of an Identification Tool for Contagious Risk Situations in Sports During the COVID-19 Pandemic

This study details the methodological process for creating a tool for the identification of COVID-19 potential contagion situations in sports and physical education before, during, and after practice and competition. It is a tool that implies an educational and methodological process with all the agents of the sports system. This tool identifies the large number of interactions occurring through sports action and everything that surrounds it in training, competition, and organization. The aim is to prepare contingency protocols based on an exhaustive analysis, risk detection, and proposal of contingency measures trying to reduce the residual risk to a minimum. In the second part, the results of the implementation of this tool in the sports system of Galicia (Spain) are shown. The technicians have changed their perceptions about the coronavirus transmission in sports. They highlight the problem for returning to sports participation for athletes under 18 years in the pandemic context.

Introduction

Pandemic vigilance and reducing the risk of global spreading of the contagious coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) are now the primary concern in all sectors. Even more, if we talk about sports, massive events present considerable public health challenges to health authorities and governments (McCloskey et al., 2020). The WHO published a risk assessment tool that enables sports organizers to methodically review critical considerations and risk management steps for hosting an event, assess risks with a weighted-system approach, and factor in risk reduction through various mitigation measures. However, sport is not only preparation for mass events but also daily sports practice. Most sports federations do not always count on enough economic resources, such as mass media sports, to use expensive mitigation measures every day (i.e., test, medical staff). Thus, managing and assessing the intrinsic contagion risk inside the practice is of paramount importance.

The everyday sports practitioners are not spectators and have been placed in very harsh circumstances with the current COVID-19 norms, and with specific difficulties in avoiding physical contacts. Unlike shopping in the supermarket, traveling by public transport, or going to school, sports cannot be done in a static position. In many sports specialties, body movement is mandatory, often intense, sharing, and changing spaces with huge alterations in respiratory frequency. However, both the WHO and the Council of Europe consider sports a fundamental part of health that should be maintained (Habersaat et al., 2020). Nevertheless, isolation and confinement have limited mobility and increased sedentary behaviors and their harmful effects (Hall et al., 2021), so how do we make it possible to increase risk control in exposure in sports while also resuming practice again? The de-escalation of regulations require sports managers and practitioners to face situations for which they were not prepared, nor have they received guidance with the necessary detail from international or national health and sports authorities. Sports activity implies specific risks. Therefore, their identification, analysis, and control must be much more precise and validated than in other sectors. Resume sports practice in compliance with regulations and with the greatest possible benefit for its users, entities, organizations, human and material resources, applying plans and procedures so that the residual risk is minimal is the great goal.

Recognizing the risks and mitigating them will increase the quality of life, providing safeness for the sports community and for each person who belongs to it. The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (Schweizer and Renn, 2019; United Nations, 2019) already warned that risk is systemic; and, therefore, any study and protocol on risk analysis must integrate the subsystems that comprise it. Institutions and political leaders pursue, through the deployment of risk communication strategies, to reduce the lack of knowledge on specific relevant issues associated with the risk trigger, as well as to reduce and minimize false and distorted information about reality (Mora-Rodríguez, 2021). Communication strategies allow to culturalize the public about why and what the risks are providing expert knowledge on the subject (Rosas-Rodríguez and Barrios-Puga, 2017). Detecting risks is a critical factor in changing social behaviors. Risk analysis is a methodology that helps to understand essential predictors of risk also in sports activities [Asociación Española de Normalización y Certificación [AENOR], 2011, 2018]. Risk perception and security are parts of the same continuum, so it is essential to explore in detail the risks to understand how to manage them. Resilience and sustainability are needed to make entities, events, and training viable (Kemp et al., 2020; Stokes et al., 2021).

The sports system of Galicia (Spain) has suffered damage from external causes (crisis, confinement, and de-escalation) and must attend to the peculiarities by specialties, so that the situation does not worsen and that it can build new sustainability, so the resilience of a system, community, or society exposed to hazards is to resist, absorb, adapt, and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, such as preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions. Try to resist so that the crisis does not become chronic requires the sports community to be prudent to preserve health, its social balance, and its economic viability. Ideally, authorities should ensure that they fully understand the reality of the situation faced by the people affected by their decisions, drawing on principles of co-production of policy (Han et al., 2020). The sports administration of Galicia and its social environment have promoted a very proactive attitude trusting and supporting each other, seeking to create measures to enable continuity of sport.

Until the development, validation, and implementation of the FISICOVID-DXTGALEGO (FCOVID-DXTG) tool (Xunta de Galicia, 2020), the leaders and managers of federations, clubs, town councils, and other entities only had general national legal health regulations and recommendations from non-specific sports organizations like other countries (Pierce et al., 2020). Their plans and protocols have been drawn up with this tool to move prudently toward the practice of individual sports and also fighting and team sports. Thus, this article presents two aims: the development and implementation of a methodological process and a tool for identifying contagions in practice and competition at each time-point, from the transportation for sporting activity, during it, and on the return from it, and the changes in perception of the social environment in each phase of the implementation.

Methodological Process

This study details the methodological process for creating a tool for the identification of COVID-19 potential contagion situations in sports and physical education before, during, and after practice and competition. It is a tool that implies an educational and methodological process with all the agents of the sports system. This tool identifies the large number of interactions occurring through sports action and everything that surrounds it in training, competition, and its organization. The aim is to prepare contingency protocols based on an exhaustive analysis, risk detection, and proposal of contingency measures trying to reduce the residual risk to a minimum. The creation process, implementation within the sports system of Galicia (Spain), and the operation of this tool are explained in the subsequent subsections. The feedback of this process is shown in the results section. All the processes described took place during lockdown and de-escalation periods between March and the first 2 weeks of April.

Tool Construction

For the development of the tool, the standards UNE-ISO 31000: 2010 and UNE-EN 31010: 2011 [Asociación Española de Normalización y Certificación [AENOR], 2011, 2018] were used as references (Figure 1). It was necessary to determine the variables that would allow the establishment of categorical contextual frameworks for identification requirements of contagion situations during sport. First, five experts in health, sports, and risk management in the field of sports were consulted. Two risk assessment techniques were used: a preliminary hazard analysis (PHA), as a simple and inductive method, recognized as highly applicable in novel situations and at the beginning of the development of a project (UNE-EN 31010); and the other the elaboration of verification lists (UNE-EN 31010); both became part of the FCOVID-DXTG tool. Also, meetings for continuous feedback were regularly settled with all the agents involved in the process.

FIGURE 1

Figure 1. Risk management standards applied for the development of the FISICOVID-DXTGALEGO.

Levels of Specificity of the Tool

FCOVID-DXTG considers two levels of detail in the assessment of risks. The first level addresses the possible routes of contagion in sports situations at a general level. For its design, the PHA method [Asociación Española de Normalización y Certificación [AENOR], 2011] was used through a systematic and structured process carried out by a group of experts of the administration and technicians of the sports administration of Galicia. The objective was to identify dangerous situations through a series of input elements, such as information on the variables and categories involved in the virus transmission processes and, therefore, the potential contagion. The selected variables respond to the characteristics of the risk context, the novelty of the situation, and the limited information available. The objective of developing this level, in this first phase of the design, is to determine an initial list of generic risks for each specialty and applicable as an initial risk matrix. That risk matrix was configured as a checklist to confirm or not the existence of a situation of potential contagion, considering the combination of all the factors involved in the different transmission routes (Table 1) iteratively. The preliminary risk analysis comprises a series of variables and categories:

TABLE 1

Table 1. Variables of contagion routes for COVID-19 in the FISICOVID-DXTGalego tool.

The second level of detail of the risk matrix describes the specific situations of each sports specialty. Situations are described related to each of the items in the checklist. One or several measures are suggested by the COVID-19 federative officials for the treatment of the risk contagion following the available recommendations and the possibility of adapting sports practice. There was a lack of knowledge about the disease and its transmission during the process, and this changing situation continues even nowadays (Brooks et al., 2020); so, logically, the principle of prudence guided this methodological process. Thus, we considered that each situation of potential contagion could entail a risk of transmission and that the different agents involved may be risk agents. Moreover, contemplating the uncertainty generated by the contagion of asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic people, surfaces with fomites, suspension of the virus in aerosols, etc., (Figure 2).

FIGURE 2

Figure 2. Methodological procedure for applying the FISICOVID-DXTGALEGO.

Agents

A total of 58 federative officials in charge of the COVID protocols for each federation and its 300 sports specialties participated in this study. The Galician regional sports administration (Secretaria Xeral para o Deporte – Xunta de Galicia), together with a group of experts composed of university specialists in education, sports sciences, and sports management, developed the tool and its methodological process (Figure 3).

FIGURE 3

Figure 3. Agents involved in the development of the FISICOVID-DXTGALEGO.

Process of Implementation and Teaching-Learning in Federative Sport

The process to create the FCOVID-DXTG tool implicitly involved the training and learning of federative sports agents during all phases: the first phase of making contact, presenting the problem, and establishing collaboration between the administration and the external multidisciplinary committee of experts; the second phase with the participation of all the federative officials for the delimitation of the context, specification of objectives, and determination of the working method; the third phase for the design, review, and testing of the tool and its application procedure with working materials about risk perception in sports; and the final phase including a final product like a web application, presentation, and regulation of use as a tool for reactivating federated sports in Galicia. At the end of the process, each federation developed its protocol based on this FCOVID-DXTG methodological process to achieve the validation of the Autonomous Administration and to be able to resume the practice of their sport.

Permanent communication and consultation between the interested parties involved in this process were part of the risk management process of FCOVID-DXTG. The requirements of the risk assessment were based on the UNE-ISO 31000 and 31010, namely, risk identification, analysis, and evaluation. The treatment of risk through mitigation measures was contemplated in the contingency protocols of each specialty with permanent monitoring, supervision, and actualization with the present scientific information of the virus.

Operating Mode

This tool was designed to guide the thinking process regarding the risk control of promoters of federated sports activity in training and competitions. At the same time, the organization of the categories of registration/analysis involves a pedagogical process where those responsible evaluate each situation repeatedly, starting from a series of standard items, varying the moments and agents involved according to the specialty. In this way, it is possible to reduce the possibility of forgetting some daily situations, but with the same contagion potential as others more visible and commonly perceived (Figure 4).

FIGURE 4

Figure 4. Categories and items for the identification of situations of potential contagion in sport.

The operation of the FCOVID-DXTG can be verified by performing a step by step: First, the moment is evaluated (i.e., before training), then all the agents who have action or effect at this time are reviewed (staff, athletes, or others unrelated to sports) and each of the possible routes of contagion (person to person, air, or through food and drink). Within this matrix, all the categories are checked. Once the moment, agent, route, and contagion situation have been identified, the FCOVID-DXTG tool leads us to the first question: does this situation occur in sports practice? There will only be two possible answers. If the answer is negative, it is necessary to justify why this situation does not occur in sports practice. If the answer is affirmative, then users will have to collect the situation described as precisely as possible in the corresponding section. Once the situation is registered and described in a univocal way, the tool proposes a second question. Can this situation be avoided, or treatment applied to it? Again, the answer is dichotomous: yes/no. In the affirmative case, it is requested to collect one or more measures to counteract this situation, be it modifications in practice, use of PPE, hygiene and disinfection measures, or others. If the case is negative, there is a situation to be completely avoided or to modify sports practice until the greatest margin of safety can be provided to practitioners.

The FISICOVID methodological process must be self-improved in each part of all the processes. It is essential to know how each phase has been developed and what the points of improvement are. Therefore, to achieve this objective, an ad hoc questionnaire was proposed to understand all parts of the process from the design to the implementation of the tool.

Methods

We analyzed how this FCOVID-DXTG methodological process and the working tools were received and implemented by the 58 sports federations with more than 300 specialties, staff, and families with an ad hoc 1–5 Likert scale questionnaire. The questions explored the implementation process, perceived learning, satisfaction with the tool, perceptions of change for the sports environment, and expectation for returning to sports after the implementation of the FCOVID-DXTG protocols. Only nine of the 29 items of the original questionnaire are presented to meet the objectives of this article (Table 2). The total number of federated athletes affected by protocols based on FCOVID-DXTG was 246.126 and distributed as follows: 51% of team sports and 9% from combat sports. The other 40% was from other sports (Figure 5).

TABLE 2

Table 2. Selected questions of each item and results related to each part of the teaching-learning process of FISICOVID.

FIGURE 5

Figure 5. Young and amateur athletes affected by FISICOVID-DXTGalego protocols.

Results

Sports officials declared that with the FCOVID-DXTG methodological process, they have learned about identification, assessment, and accuracy in measures to prevent contagion risks in sports (4.6 ± 0.6), and they have changed their perception about the coronavirus infection in sports (3.9 ± 0.9). They consider the implementation of the protocols improved the overall perception about preventing coronavirus infection of the federative collective (4.1 ± 0.9). They declared there was a lack of protocols for avoiding COVID-19 risks before and after sports practice (1.9 ± 1.3) and during the sporting activities (2.6 ± 1.4). They perceived it is easier for young people under 18 to attend sports activities by having protocols with a high level of precision after communicating it among families (4.1 ± 0.9). The satisfaction with the way of working throughout this methodological process was very positive (4.5 ± 0.7). We also asked about their estimation of return to sporting activities for young and adults (Figure 6); and 48% declared that returning will be less than 60% for under 18 years practitioners while 79% answered that more than 60% of +18 years practitioners will return. The estimation of the return to participation is 29 points lower for athletes who are under 18 years of age.

FIGURE 6

Figure 6. Estimated percentage of return to sport practice for athletes above and under 18 years.

Discussion

The participation of federative sports promoters in the FCOVID-DXTG methodological process has changed its safety perception after its implementation. The families have been provided with detailed information with the protocols coming up from this tool, making more accessible the return to sport for children. However, 30 points of difference between estimations for under and + 18 practitioners stress the importance of an existing barrier for children and young people to resume their sports habits after a crisis like the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methodological Process

The main objective has been to generate a methodological procedure to search for safe, specific, and flexible solutions that would allow the identification of situations of potential contagion in the highly complex field of sports participation. At the end of the application of the FCOVID-DXTG methodological process, each organization obtains information documenting a complete list of risks for each sports specialty, with the applicable measures to minimize the residual risk to be included in its protocol for the coronavirus. The tool establishes a homogeneous language for communication and feedback between sports specialties and entities, being a service to the sporting community that could not solve in isolation, because of its limited management capacity and resources. The union of administration, federations, and universities with FCOVID-DXTG represent an example of an open way of working as international authors suggested (Habersaat et al., 2020) and (Kemp et al., 2020). Also, The Council of Europe (06/26/2020) urged the governments of the member states to “support the recovery and promote the sustainable development of the sport, to provide support to the sports sector through programs and EU funds. To study the possibilities within the framework of relevant horizontal measures and initiatives of EU initiatives for recovery. To promote the continuity of regular sport funding programs and initiatives, especially for grassroots sports organizations.” Galician sports administration had anticipated in March to what today are the recommendations of the Council of Europe assuming the greatest possible implication for protection and support of the sports sector: promoting broad cooperation and collaborating at all levels to resume sports activities safely, gradually, and cautiously, evaluating all the potential risks.

The development and application of FCOVID-DXTG tackle the complexity of the federated sports organization before and after the practice [McCloskey et al., 2020; World Health Organization [WHO], 2020]. It also provides a solution against generic and non-specific protocols that did not promote the identification of contagion risks during the own motor activity of each sports specialty. This will not leave loopholes for the appearance of unexpected situations where contagion can occur. Thus the tracking and monitoring of contagion situations will be easier. Besides, FCOVID-DXTG can be adapted to other areas of action, such as the education sector or private gyms. To the knowledge of the authors, this tool is being applied in the field of recreation and educational summer camps, agreeing in many of the evaluated items with the document that the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has published as a checklist for camping activities (Suggestions for Youth Programs and Camps: Readiness and Planning Tool) (U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020).

Perception of the Sports Social Environment

Change in perception of risk is the first step to manage it with guarantees. In the FCOVID-DXTG methodological process, the federative officials responsible for the sports organization declared that their ability to identify contagion risk was highly improved as well as their virus perception. This is of great importance since Spain has been one of the countries most affected by the pandemic, and the level of information and counter-information has been enormous since having a well-trained criterion would make fewer mistakes (Mora-Rodríguez, 2021).

Participation in all parts of the process generated great satisfaction perceived by the federative leaders, who declared a very high satisfaction for making better protocols throughout FCOVID-DXTG. This is in agreement with the recommendations of Schweizer and Renn (2019) on the risk mitigation with systemic hazards like the COVID-19 pandemic. Also, the FCOVID-DXTG methodological process has met the criteria of the Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication working model of Reynolds and Seeger (2007), promoting changes in the behavior of sports agents to reduce the likelihood of harms; developing consensual recommendations by experts and first responders; trying to reduce uncertainty improving self-efficacy; and generating empathy, reassurance, and reduction in emotional turmoil and creating a better public understanding of new risks and new understandings of risk as well as new risk avoidance behaviors and response procedures.

The estimation of federative officials for the return to sporting activities of young people will be less than 60%; this is a significant problem since the resumption of sports and recreation activities can contribute to physical, psychological, and emotional benefits to societies emerging from COVID-19 restrictions (Hughes, 2020). This not only affects federated sports but all sporting promotion activities, such as the Galician sports program “XOGADE” where 128.614 children who practice sports every week during school hours are also affected (Rico-Díaz et al., 2020). However, technicians consider that it is easier for children to return to sport by having protocols with a high level of precision due to its influence on the decision of families comparing to non-sport-specific general protocols. This would help to overcome the deleterious psychological effects of a lockdown (Brooks et al., 2020). The Sports Innovation Institute at IUPUI, a partnership between Indiana and Purdue Universities in Indianapolis, and Grand Park Sports Campus (Westfield, IN, United States) collaborated to better understand how COVID-related adaptations are perceived by parents, athletes, coaches, officials, and administrators with good results in how specific adaptions are received by these stakeholders who are looking to return to youth sports in a timely but safe manner with a positive response about mitigation measures such as sanitizing playing areas, mask use, monitoring of social-distancing guidelines, and limiting personal contact between players (Pierce et al., 2020).

Some proposals and recommendations on this topic were published. However, the critical point of sports interactions was not stressed enough. Youth Sports Program FAQs from the United States government agency CDC, through its National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD) (U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020) strongly recommended using the facemask to solve the sports interaction issue. Others, like the proposal for the active tourism of Aragon (Turismo Deportivo Aragón, 2020), also developed a checklist system for the control of risks with an external consultant. The most similar contagion control proposal in a sports context has been made by Jones et al. (2020), the authors provide a team sports risk exposure framework to provide stakeholders with a practical method to inform discussions around the return-to-sports. Thus, to the best knowledge of the authors, this is the first tool that had addressed the reality of the complexity, diversity, and quantity of situations that sports practice implies before, during, and after training and competition.

Conclusion

Sharing information and having a common language for communication and feedback have been provided new solutions for the technicians to the common and specific problems of the sports specialties. The technicians consider that a safe return to sport is possible with an in-depth analysis of the risks and contacts of each sports specialty. The problem to be addressed is framed in the interaction of two determining variables of the situation, the possibility of contagion and that sports involves a whole series of situations and behaviors that require greater precision in the measures for its prevention. Given this, it is worth asking: are the general measures to prevent contagion sufficient and applicable for sports practices? How can training and sports competition be resumed with guarantees? In all sports specialties, would the contagion prevention measures to be adopted be the same? Facing a changing situation and uncertainty, we need tools that make it possible to configure contingency protocols, so that in each specialty, once preventive measures are applied, residual risk is reduced to a minimum.

Data Availability Statement

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.

Ethics Statement

The Galician Sports Administration (Spain) approved all the procedures. The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.

Author Contributions

JL-L did manage the sports and political administration to work together. JR-D coordinated all the working groups. RM-A created the intervention model. JR-D, RM-A, JG-V, and DR-R designed the tool. RM-A, JG-V, and DR-R contributed equally to the development of the manuscript. All authors approved the manuscript in its final form.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher’s Note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to mention the extraordinary support throughout the process by the staff of the Secretaría Xeral para O Deporte of the Xunta de Galicia and Fundación Deporte Galego; by the presidents and managers of the Galician Sports Federations and their COVID-19 commissions; and especially by Roberto García Fernández (Head of the Provincial Sports Service of the General Secretariat for Sport, A Coruña), Manuel Otero Méndez (Head of the Provincial Sports Service of the General Secretariat for Sport, Lugo), Manuel Pérez González (Head of the Provincial Sports Service of the General Secretariat for Sport, Ourense), Daniel Benavides Alonso (Head of the Provincial Sports Service of the General Secretariat for Sport, Pontevedra), and José Antonio Varela Quintela (Cabinet Adviser, Xunta de Galicia).

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