This article is a commentary on:
Adequate 25(OH)D moderates the relationship between dietary inflammatory potential and cardiovascular health risk during the second trimester of pregnancy
Li Zhang
Tianjiao Zhang1*- 1National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- 2Department of Biochemistry, National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
by Yin, W. J., Yu, L. J., Wu, L., Zhang, L., Li, Q., Dai, F. C., et al. (2022). Front. Nutr. 9:952652. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.952652
Introduction
The commentary aims to provide a constructive critique on the chosen method for 25(OH)D measurement in the important and innovative study (1). As described, one of the objectives of this study is to investigate if vitamin D status modifies the association of pro-inflammatory diets with the cardiovascular risk among pregnant women. To assess vitamin D nutritional status for pregnant women at 16–23 gestational weeks, 25(OH)D concentrations in their blood samples were determined by commercial chemiluminescence immunoassay kits (DiaSorin Stillwater, MN, United States). The problem with the chosen 25(OH)D immunoassay is that, changes in sample matrix associated with pregnancy can have a significant impact on the accuracy of 25(OH)D immunoassays, including the DiaSorin assay used in this study (2–5). Inaccurate measurement results may have negative impact on the generation of study results.
Evidence and interpretation
Circulating 25(OH)D is measured commonly using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) or immunoassays (2). As 25(OH)D is transported by vitamin D binding protein (VDBP) in bloodstream, it needs to be dissociated from VDBP before testing (2, 6). Unlike LC-MS/MS methods that use strong chemical solvents to extract 25(OH)D, immunoassays have been speculated to fail to release 25(OH)D completely when the concentrations of VDBP increase (5). During pregnancy, VDBP concentrations are increased by estrogen (2, 5). As a result, incomplete dissociation of 25(OH)D by immunoassays may occur, resulting in the under-recovery of 25(OH)D. As shown in Heijboer's (5) study, there was an inverse relationship between VDBP concentrations and deviations of 25(OH)D concentrations from LC-MS/MS results for immunoassays, including Diasorin assay. Cavalier et al. (4) showed that the DiaSorin assay underestimated 25(OH)D levels in pregnant women considerably. Specifically, the mean bias was ~ −44% for the DiaSorin assay, when serum samples from pregnant women were tested. The large negative bias means that a pregnant woman with 25(OH)D levels of 50 nmol/L may have a measured result of 28 nmol/L by the DiaSorin assay, and she will be misclassified to the group with 25(OH)D < 50 nmol/L. Conceivably, a portion of pregnant women in the study by Yin et al. have been misclassified based on the test results by the Diasorin assay, so in fact, the 25(OH)D < 50 nmol/L group also included pregnant women with 25(OH)D ≥ 50 nmol/L, and the unsuccessful stratification according to 25(OH)D concentrations may have negative impact on the final statistical results.
This study also found that the mean concentration for all pregnant women (16–23 gestational weeks) was about 38 nmol/L, and only 21.6% had adequate vitamin D levels, i.e., 25(OH)D concentrations ≥50 nmol/L (1). However, more than half of pregnant women in this study have a vitamin D supplementation frequency of ≥3 days/week. Since it has been demonstrated that supplementing VD > 3 times/week reduces the risk of Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy significantly (7), it seems unreasonable that the cohort in this study still have a high prevalence (78.4%) of vitamin D deficiency. Furthermore, the prevalence (78.4%) is much higher than that (33.56%) reported by Shen et al. for the second trimester pregnant women using LC-MS/MS. As both cohorts in studies by Shen et al. and Yin et al. were from southeastern China, we can speculate that it's the immunoassay-related underestimation of 25(OH)D that causes the apparent discrepancy in the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy.
Discussion
Researchers should pay more attention to the immunoassay-related underestimation of 25(OH)D in samples from pregnant women, as it will lead to unreliable study results and poor comparability of studies. At present, standardized LC-MS/MS method can avoid analytical problems observed in immunoassays and serve as the gold standard for 25(OH)D measurement. Therefore, when conducting studies involving 25(OH)D determination in pregnant women, standardized LC-MS/MS method should be considered as the first choice.
Author contributions
LZ wrote the manuscript. TZ and CZ were the guarantors of this work and revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's note
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References
1. Yin WJ Yu LJ, Wu L, Zhang L, Li Q, Dai FC, et al. Adequate 25(OH)D moderates the relationship between dietary inflammatory potential and cardiovascular health risk during the second trimester of pregnancy. Front Nutr. (2022) 9:952652. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.952652
2. Makris K, Bhattoa HP, Cavalier E, Phinney K, Sempos CT, Ulmer CZ, et al. Recommendations on the measurement and the clinical use of vitamin D metabolites and vitamin D binding protein—a position paper from the IFCC Committee on bone metabolism. Clin Chim Acta. (2021) 517:171–97. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.03.002
3. Cavalier E, Lukas P, Bekaert AC, Peeters S, Le Goff C, Yayo E, et al. Analytical and clinical evaluation of the new Fujirebio Lumipulse®G non-competitive assay for 25(OH)-vitamin D and three immunoassays for 25(OH)D in healthy subjects, osteoporotic patients, third trimester pregnant women, healthy African subjects, hemodialyzed and intensive care patients. Clin Chem Lab Med. (2016) 54:1347–55. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2015-0923
4. Cavalier E, Lukas P, Crine Y, Peeters S, Carlisi A, Le Goff C, et al. Evaluation of automated immunoassays for 25(OH)-vitamin D determination in different critical populations before and after standardization of the assays. Clin Chim Acta. (2014) 431:60–5. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.01.026
5. Heijboer AC, Blankenstein MA, Kema IP, Buijs MM. Accuracy of 6 routine 25-hydroxyvitamin D assays: influence of vitamin D binding protein concentration. Clin Chem. (2012) 58:543–8. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2011.176545
6. Farrell CJ, Soldo J, McWhinney B, Bandodkar S, Herrmann M. Impact of assay design on test performance: lessons learned from 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Clin Chem Lab Med. (2014) 52:1579–87. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2014-0111
Keywords: 25-hydroxyvitamin D, pregnancy, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, immunoassays, vitamin D binding protein
Citation: Zhang L, Zhang T and Zhang C (2022) Commentary: Adequate 25(OH)D moderates the relationship between dietary inflammatory potential and cardiovascular health risk during the second trimester of pregnancy. Front. Nutr. 9:1042324. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1042324
Received: 12 September 2022; Accepted: 20 October 2022;
Published: 02 November 2022.
Edited by:
Nada Rotovnik Kozjek, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, SloveniaReviewed by:
William B. Grant, Sunlight Nutrition and Health Research Center, United StatesCopyright © 2022 Zhang, Zhang and Zhang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Tianjiao Zhang, dGp6aGFuZyYjeDAwMDQwO25jY2wub3JnLmNu; Chuanbao Zhang, Y2J6aGFuZyYjeDAwMDQwO25jY2wub3JnLmNu