Hang Lv
Yan-hua Zhao
Jian-guo Chen3
Dong-yan Wang
Hao Chen- 1College of Psychology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- 2The First Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- 3Department of Medical Psychology, Nanjing Brian Hospital, Nanjing, China
- 4The Second Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
Background: Depression is a common mental disorder worldwide. Psychological treatments and antidepressant medication are the usual treatments for depression. However, a large proportion of patients with depression do not respond to the treatments. In 2005, Vagus nerve stimulation was approved for the adjunctive long-term treatment of chronic or recurrent depression in adult patients experiencing a major depressive episode who had failed to respond to four or more adequate antidepressant treatments. However, the efficacy of VNS for treating depression remains unclear. Accordingly, we performed a systematic review to evaluate the efficacy and safety of VNS.
Methods: We conducted a systematic review in accordance with the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Systematic search was performed in the database of Pubmed, Embase, CENTRAL, and Web of science for identifying the suitable trials. Suicidal rate was considered as the primary outcome in this review.
Result: Only two randomized sham controlled add-on studies including 255 cases (134 with VNS treatment and 121 control cases) were included in this review. None of the studies reported suicidal rate. We performed a qualitative analysis and it is suggested that there was no significant statistic difference between VNS and sham VNS on the score of 24-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD24) (MD: −2.40, 95% CI: −7.90 to 3.10). Similar findings were also reported on improvement percentage of HAMD24 (MD: 1.00, 95%CI: −6.06 to 8.06), Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) (MD: 4.70, 95%CI: −2.98 to 12.38) and 30 item Inventory of Depressive Symptomalogy-Self-Report (IDS-SR30) (MD: 4.9, 95%CI: −1.89 to 11.69). However, a marginal difference of Beck Depression Inventory self-rating score was detected between the real and sham treatment (MD: 7.80, 95% CI: 0.34 to 15.26). Aminor effect of IDS-SR30was also found in real VNS group (RR: 2.33, 95% CI: 1.07 to 5.10).
Conclusion: The efficacy and safety of VNS for depression is still unclear. Further randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm the efficacy and safety of VNS.
Introduction
Depression is a common mental disorder worldwide, with more than 300 million people affected. At its worst, depression could lead to suicide. Close to 800 000 people die due to suicide every year (WHO, 2018). Psychological treatments and antidepressant medication are the usual treatment for depression. However, 20 to 40% of patients with major depressive disorder do not show substantial clinical improvement on their first treatment with antidepressant medication (Fava and Davidson, 1996; Sackeim, 2001; Rush et al., 2006). Moreover, medications, including antidepressants, are often associated with significant side effects, for example, metabolic abnormalities and sexual dysfunction (Kupfer et al., 2012).
In 1997, vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) therapy which comprises an implanted electrical pulse generator to stimulate the vagus nerve was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as an adjunctive therapy for reducing the frequency of seizures in adults and adolescents who were refractory to antiepileptic medications (Schachter, 2002). In 2005, it was further approved as the adjunctive long-term treatment for patients with chronic or recurrent depression who experienced a major depressive episode and failed to respond to four or more adequate antidepressant treatments (Helmers et al., 2012; Berry et al., 2013). As the best way for providing evidence for clinical practice, several systematic reviews have been performed for evaluating the exact efficacy and safety of VNS for depression (Daban et al., 2008; Martin and Martín-Sánchez, 2012; Berry et al., 2013; McGirr and Berlim, 2018). However, the findings of these reviews were inconclusive and did not update in time. Thus, it is the right time to identify the latter primary trials to confirm the efficacy of VNS in treating depression.
Systematic review is a best approach of providing evidence for clinical practice. Although VNS was approved as the adjunctive long-term treatment for chronic or recurrent depression by FDA (Helmers et al., 2012; Berry et al., 2013), there is still no sufficient evidence to confirm the efficacy of this treatment To supply the evidence of VNS in treating depression, we performed a systematic review to ascertain the technique's efficacy and safety on the basis of available the evidence.
Methods
Systematic Review Details
The systematic review was performed in accordance with the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (Higgins, 2011).
Study Design
We enrolled randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that were published in formal English journals.
Participants, Interventions, Comparators
Patients diagnosed as primary diagnosis of major depressive disorder or bipolar I or II disorder were involved in this review. Interventions should be Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) or VNS combined with treatment as usual. Comparators should be usual treatment as or sham VNS.
Search Strategy
JGC and DYW systematically searched the PUBMED, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of science, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Wan-fang databases from inception to 6th Sep, 2018 with MeSH terms and key words without language restrictions. The search terms were (“depressive disorder” OR depression OR melancholia OR dysthymic OR bipolar) AND (vagus OR vagus nerve stimulation) AND (randomized controlled trial OR controlled clinical trial OR randomized OR clinical trials). We also checked the reference lists of relevant reviews and included trials to identify further studies that meet the inclusion criteria for this systematic review.
Data Sources, Study Sections, and Data Extraction
Two reviewers (JGC and DYW) screened all the literature and extracted data independently using a standardized form. This was pre-designed for collecting information on trial characteristics such as first author, language, number of patients, mean age of the patients, diagnostic criteria, grades of hypertension, acupuncture treatment, control types, sessions of treatment, treatment course and outcome measures. Disagreements were resolved in consultation with the third reviewer (HL).
Outcomes
Primary Outcomes
Suicide is the most serious consequence of depression. Therefore, suicide rate was considered as the primary outcome in this review.
Secondary Outcomes
Twenty-four item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD24), Beck Depression Inventory self-rating score (BID), Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), Clinical Global Improvement ratings (CGI-I), 30 item Inventory of Depressive Symptomalogy-Self-Report (IDS-SR30), response rate based on different scale score and adverse effect were listed as the secondary outcomes.
Risk of Bias Assessment
Two reviewers (YHZ and HC) assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias (Zeng et al., 2015). Each trial was scored as high, low or unclear risk for the following 7 domains: (WHO, 2018) random sequence generation (selection bias); (Fava and Davidson, 1996) allocation concealment (selection bias); (Rush et al., 2006) blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias); (Sackeim, 2001) blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias); (Kupfer et al., 2012) incomplete outcome data (attrition bias); (Schachter, 2002) selective reporting (reporting bias); (Berry et al., 2013) other bias. Disagreements were resolved in consultation with the third reviewer (HL).
Data Analysis
Continuous data (such as score assessments) was presented as mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence interval (CI), whereas, dichotomous data (such as response rate) was presented as relative risk (RR) with 95% CI. Statistical heterogeneity across trials was assessed by the Cochran Q-test (P < 0.1 for statistical significance) and quantified by the I2 statistic. According to the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (Version 5.10), I2 > 50% was defined as significant heterogeneity. Heterogeneous data was pooled using the random-effects model. Publication bias was evaluated by visually inspecting a funnel plot if more than 9 studies was included. Meta-analysis was performed in the case of more than three homogeneity studies by RevMan 5.3 software.
Result
Study Selection
Figure 1 shows the flow chart of the study selection process based on PRISMA guidelines (Figure 1). One thousand five hundred and five records were identified during the initial search. After removing the duplicate records and screening the full text, 2 trials were included in this review (Rush et al., 2008; Hein et al., 2013).
Figure 1. Flow chart of randomized controlled trial selection (based on PRISMA).
Characteristics of the Included Studies
These two trials were published in 2005 and 2013, respectively, both of which were randomized sham controlled add-on studies with two arms. Two hundred and fifty-five patients (134 in VNS group and 121 in control group) were included in the final analysis. One trial used a non-invasive method of stimulating the vagus nerve on the outer canal of the ear (Hein et al., 2013), while the other one used the implantation device (Rush et al., 2008).
The suicidal rate was not evaluated in these two trials. HRSD24 was recoded in both two trials. It was presented as the sore in one trial. In the other trial, HRSD24 response rate was presented. which was defined as ≥50%reductionafter 10 weeks treatment at the baseline (Rush et al., 2008).
Beck Depression Inventory self-rating score was considered as a secondary outcome in Hein's study (Hein et al., 2013), while Rush et al. took MADRS, CGI-I, and IDS-SR30 as the secondary outcomes (Rush et al., 2008). Adverse effects were recorded in both two trials. More detail information was presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Characteristics of the included studies.
Risk of Bias of the Included Studies
As shown in Figure 2, the two trials were all double blind design. Rush et al. described the random procedure in detail and took Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF) for the final statistical analysis (Rush et al., 2008), while Hein et al. did not (Hein et al., 2013). Selective reporting was unclear in both two studies for all the included studies as we have no access to the study protocol.
Figure 2. Risk of bias graph of the included trials.
Qualitative Findings
We did not pool the results of the two trials because of the potential heterogeneity between the two studies.
Score of the Scale Assessment
There was no significant difference between VNS and sham VNS on the score change of HAMD24(MD: −2.40, 95% CI: −7.90 to 3.10) (Figures 3, 4). Similar findings were also reported on improvement percentage of HAMD24 (MD:1.00, 95%CI: −6.06 to 8.06), MADRS(MD: 4.70, 95%CI: −2.98 to 12.38) and IDS–SR30(MD: 4.9, 95%CI: −1.89 to 11.69). Significant difference of Beck Depression Inventory self-rating score was detected between the real and sham treatment (MD: 7.80, 95%CI: 0.34 to 15.26).
Figure 3. Summary of findings on score of the scale assessment.
Figure 4. Summary of findings on response rate.
Response Rate
Only one trial focused on the response rate based on different scale score (Rush et al., 2008). Most of the response rate showed no significant difference between real VNS and sham treatment except for IDS-SR30, which showed a better effect in real VNS group (RR: 2.33, 95% CI: 1.07 to 5.10).
Safety Evaluation
Hein et al. reported that no adverse side effects were observed during the whole course of treatment and after the trial (Hein et al., 2013). Rush et al. reported that voice alteration was the most common adverse effect, which was occurred in 16 cases treated with VNS and 14 cased with sham treatment (Rush et al., 2008).
Publication Bias
We did not perform publication bias evaluation as only two trials were included in this review. However, we inferred that publication bias would be exist as the small sample size and the unstable findings of the included studies.
Discussion
Summary Findings of the Review
Depression is a common mental disorder worldwide, which could lead to suicide (WHO, 2018). Thus, suicide rate may be the most important final endpoint for the effect evaluation of VNS in treating depression. Based on this clinical setting, suicidal rate was considered as the primary outcome. Unfortunately, only two RCTs were identified and suicide rate was not reported in both trials. We had to focus on the secondary outcomes such as HAMD24 sore, improvement percentage of HAMD24, MADRS, IDS–SR30 and response rate.
According to the findings, there may be no significant difference of main outcomes of depression between VNS and sham treatment. As lack of the primary outcome and the small sample size of the included studies, this review did not yield a stable and definitive evidence of efficacy of VNS in treating depression.
To identify the exact efficacy of VNS for depression, several systematic reviews (Daban et al., 2008; Martin and Martín-Sánchez, 2012; Berry et al., 2013; McGirr and Berlim, 2018) have been published on the same topic and one of them is an overview of review (McGirr and Berlim, 2018). Compared with the current review, these reviews only considered the Scale scores as the primary outcomes. In addition, some of the reviews involved RCTs and Non-RCTs which may lead to methodological heterogeneity in the analysis. Furthermore, most of the reviews were outdated and should be update (Daban et al., 2008; Martin and Martín-Sánchez, 2012; Berry et al., 2013). All of these may downgrade the quality and applicability of the reviews (Table 2).
Table 2. Comparisons between the published reviews and the current one.
Limitations of the Study
Lack of sufficient primary trials and long-term follow-up data may narrow our findings and indicate high variability.
Implications for Clinicians
Although VNS is a novel approach for treating depression and has been approved by FDA, it still lacks sufficient evidence to confirm its efficacy and safety. Moreover, the potential mechanism and the cost-effectiveness is still unknown. Clinicians should take VNS as the treatment for depression according to the clinical settings.
Future Perspectives
VNS seems to be a new approach for depression treatment. However, its efficacy and safety needs to be further investigated. Suicidal rate is necessary to be evaluated in RCTs.
Conclusion
The efficacy and safety of VNS for depression treatment is still unclear.
Author Contributions
HL and HC conceived the study. JC and DW performed the literature search and extracted the data. YZ and HC assessed risk of bias. HC performed statistical analysis. HL and YZ drafted the manuscript. All the authors critically revised the manuscript. HL had full access to all of the data in the study, and took responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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Keywords: vagus nerve stimulation, depression, systematic review, evidence-based medicine, randomized controlled clinical trial
Citation: Lv H, Zhao Y, Chen J, Wang D and Chen H (2019) Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Depression: A Systematic Review. Front. Psychol. 10:64. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00064
Received: 14 September 2018; Accepted: 10 January 2019;
Published: 31 January 2019.
Edited by:
Gian Mauro Manzoni, Università degli Studi eCampus, ItalyReviewed by:
Xian-Tao Zeng, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, ChinaZhenggang Bai, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, China
Copyright © 2019 Lv, Zhao, Chen, Wang and Chen. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Hang Lv, MTM4NTE3MTQ4NDlAMTYzLmNvbQ==
Hao Chen, aGFvdGNzZ2NAMTYzLmNvbQ==
†These authors have contributed equally to this work